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shape memory alloys
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 14.14 Martensite in copper-zinc shape memory alloys. (a) Microstructure of Cu-26Zn-5Al alloy with martensite in a face-centered cubic α matrix. (b) Surface relief of martensite in a Cu-26.7Zn-4Al alloy. The change in volume from the new phase during martensitic transformation results
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 29.13 Typical transformation versus temperature curve for shape memory alloys. Source: Ref 7
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in Nonequilibrium Reactions: Martensitic and Bainitic Structures
> Phase Diagrams: Understanding the Basics
Published: 01 March 2012
Fig. 15.24 Typical transformation-versus-temperature curve for a shape memory alloy. Source: Ref 15.16 as published in Ref 15.2
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
..., and ductility as well as creep, fatigue strength, and fatigue crack growth rate. It also discusses the influence of other titanium phases and the properties of titanium-based intermetallic compounds, metal-matrix composites, and shape-memory alloys. alloy composition alpha titanium alloys alpha-beta...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that govern the mechanical properties of titanium, beginning with the morphology of the alpha phase. It explains that the shape of the alpha phase has a significant effect on many properties, including hardness, tensile strength, toughness, and ductility as well as creep, fatigue strength, and fatigue crack growth rate. It also discusses the influence of other titanium phases and the properties of titanium-based intermetallic compounds, metal-matrix composites, and shape-memory alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240547
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... alloys include electrical-resistance alloys, low-expansion alloys, magnetically soft alloys, and shape memory alloys. This chapter discusses the metallurgy, nominal composition, properties, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these alloys. It also provides information on cobalt wear-resistant...
Abstract
Nickel and nickel alloys have an excellent combination of corrosion, oxidation, and heat resistance, combined with good mechanical properties. Nickel alloys can be divided into alloys that combine corrosion and heat resistance, superalloys for high-temperature applications, and special nickel alloys. Corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloys include commercially pure and low-alloy nickels, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-molybdenum and nickel-silicon alloys, nickel-chromium-iron alloys, nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, and nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum-copper alloys. Special nickel alloys include electrical-resistance alloys, low-expansion alloys, magnetically soft alloys, and shape memory alloys. This chapter discusses the metallurgy, nominal composition, properties, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these alloys. It also provides information on cobalt wear-resistant alloys and cobalt corrosion-resistant alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... hysteresis in shape memory alloys. bainitic structures martensitic structures martensitic transformations nonequilibrium cooling time-temperature-transformation diagrams WHILE MANY OF THE transformations discussed so far occur under equilibrium or near-equilibrium conditions, martensitic...
Abstract
This chapter examines two important strengthening mechanisms, martensitic and bainitic transformations, both of which occur under nonequilibrium cooling conditions. It explains how time-temperature-transformation diagrams are constructed and how they are used to understand and control the formation of martensite and bainite in steel and other alloys. It describes the morphology of both types of structures, the factors that influence their formation, how they respond to tempering processes, and their effect on mechanical properties and behaviors. It also discusses the role of transformation hysteresis in shape memory alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
...-purpose alloys such as magnetic alloys, electrical contact alloys, thermocouple alloys, nuclear materials, shape memory alloys, and controlled expansion alloys. Various special-purpose alloys are described at the end of this chapter. The standard designations and detailed classifications of the major...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals are of commercial interest both as engineering materials and as alloying agents. This chapter addresses both roles, discussing the properties, processing characteristics, and applications of several categories of nonferrous metals, including light metals, corrosion-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
..., Nb, W, Ta. Like other intermetallics, the brittleness of γ alloys is a limiting factor for the use of these materials in high-temperature applications. Ti-Ni shape memory alloys; UNS: none; Nickel-titanium, titanium-nickel, Tee-Nee, Memorite, Nitinol, Tinel, and Flexon. Shape memory properties...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... Arch in St. Louis, Missouri, is the world's tallest monument, which surpassed the 555 foot height of the Washington Monument. With an exterior of stainless steel, the shape of the arch is that of an inverted catenary (or the shape of a chain dangling from two points at the same level). Courtesy...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120345
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
..., OH , Bulletin 102 , 31 Aug 1981 ; Bulletin 103 , 25 Sept 198l • Wood R.A. and Favor R.J. , Titanium Alloys Handbook MCIC-HB-02 , Metals and Ceramics Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute , Columbus, OH , 1972 Physical Metallurgy Physical Metallurgy...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... strength through heat treatment (i.e., deep hardenability) varies. The Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy, being more heavily beta-stabilized than Ti-6Al-4V, achieves high strength through a section several times thicker than could be achieved with Ti-6Al-4V. Titanium alloys extruded into L-, T-, and Z-shaped...
Abstract
This chapter describes the applications with the greatest impact on titanium consumption and global market trends. It explains where, how, and why titanium alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, chemical processing, medical, and military applications as well as power generating equipment, sporting goods, oil and gas production, and marine vessels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... and alloys: Recovery, which relieves some of the stored internal strain energy by rearrangement of dislocations into lower-energy configurations without any change in the shape and orientation of grains Recrystallization, which is the replacement of the badly deformed cold-worked grains by new...
Abstract
The term heat treatable alloys is used in reference to alloys that can be hardened by heat treatment, and this chapter briefly describes the major types of heat treatable nonferrous alloys. The discussion provides a general description of annealing cold-worked metals and describes some of the common nonferrous alloys that can be hardened through heat treatment. The nonferrous alloys covered include aluminum alloys, cobalt alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... property data on CD-ROM Pure Materials Properties: A Scienti c and Technical Handbook Alloy Digest Owner or provider CINDAS/USAF-CRDA, Handbook Operations, Purdue University Coordinator, Handbook Actitivies Wright Patterson AFB Dayton, OH Materials and Ceramics Info. Ctr. Battelle Memorial Inst. Columbus...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... . 10.1016/0025-5416(79)90055-7 Shape Memory Effect in Alloys ( 1975 ) (ed. Perkins J. ). Plenum Press , New York . Wayman C. M. ( 1964 ). Introduction to the Crystallography of Martensitic Transformations . Macmillan Co ., New York . Wayman C. M. ( 1968...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates on very low-temperature martensitic transformations, which are of great concern for cryogenic applications and research. The principal transformation characteristics are reviewed and then elaborated. The material classes or alloy systems that exhibit martensitic transformations at very low temperatures are discussed. In particular, the martensitic transformations and their effects in austenitic stainless steels, iron-nickel alloys, practical superconductors, alkali metals, solidified gases, and polymers are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... temperatures than were previously feasible, thus dramatically increasing their fuel efficiency. Medical implants include stainless steel, cobalt alloys, and titanium alloys. Another novel alloy is a nickel-titanium composition (Nitinol) that has “shape memory” properties. Shape memory alloys...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the technological milestones of the early 20th century, including the invention of tungsten carbide tool steel, the use of age-hardening aluminum in the Wright Flyer , the development of a new heat treating process for aluminum alloys, and Ford’s pioneering use of weight-saving vanadium alloys in Model T cars. It explains how interest in chromium alloys spread throughout the world, spurring the development of commercial stainless steels. The chapter concludes with a bullet point timeline of early 20th century achievements and a brief assessment of more recent innovations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... treatment. Aluminum-Zinc Casting Alloys (7<italic>xx.x</italic>) The aluminum-zinc casting alloys (7 xx.x ) do not have the good fluidity or shrinkage-feeding characteristics of the silicon-containing alloys, and hot cracking can be a problem in large, complex shapes. However, the aluminum-zinc...
Abstract
Nonferrous alloys are heat treated for a variety of reasons. Heat treating can reduce internal stresses, redistribute alloying elements, promote grain formation and growth, produce new phases, and alter surface chemistry. This chapter describes heat treatment processes and how nonferrous alloys respond to them. It provides information on aluminum, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, and titanium alloys and their composition, microstructure, properties, and processing characteristics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... Tennis rackets Scuba gas cylinders Skis Pool cues Miscellaneous Shape memory alloys Pollution control systems Hand tools Desalination systems Military vehicle armor Hunting knives Backpack cookware The Role of Processing Titanium alloys...
Abstract
Titanium is a lightweight metal with a density approximately 60% that of steel and, through alloying and deformation processing, it can be just as strong. It is readily available in many grades and forms and can be further processed using standard methods and techniques. This chapter provides a concise review of the capabilities of titanium and its design advantages over other materials. It includes information on properties and selection factors as well as applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... process. Several limitations are imposed by the use of the rubber pad. Typically, maximum pressure ranges from 24 to 138 MPa (3500 to 20,000 psi), depending on the equipment and setup used. Shape definition can be poor in thicker-gage and high-strength alloys. Springback is usually high, and formed...
Abstract
This chapter describes the equipment and processes used to form titanium alloy parts. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hot and cold forming, the factors that influence formability, and the effect of forming temperature and lubricants. It describes common processes, including brake forming, stretch forming, deep drawing, and spin forming as well as roll forming, drop-hammer forming, tube bulging and bending, and superplastic forming. It also discusses dimpling and joggling and the use of hot sizing to correct springback.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
..., Germany, and Russia to develop the book. The bulk of the text covered the processes of steelmaking and included very little on what is now called physical metallurgy. He also covered the known information on alloys, including chromium, manganese, nickel, and tungsten. Much of the alloy material he wrote...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
...-aluminum alloys called Nitinols for sliding wear applications. This alloy was developed as a shape-memory alloy, which means it can be heat treated to a particular shape, and then if it is deformed to another shape, it can be heated and the original shape will be restored. Eyeglass frames are made from...
Abstract
This chapter covers the tribological properties of stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It describes the metallurgy and microstructure of the basic types of stainless steel and their suitability for friction and wear applications and in environments where they are subjected to liquid, droplet, and solid particle erosion. It also discusses the tribology of nickel- and cobalt-base alloys as well as titanium, zinc, tin, aluminum, magnesium, beryllium, graphite, and different types of wood.
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