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in Sources of Failures in Carburized and Carbonitrided Components
> Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Published: 01 September 2008
Image
Finite-element analysis predictions on shape distortion for 10 mm (0.4 in.)...
Available to Purchase
in Case Studies of Powder-Binder Processing Practices
> Binder and Polymer Assisted Powder Processing
Published: 30 April 2020
Fig. 10.9 Finite-element analysis predictions on shape distortion for 10 mm (0.4 in.) right circular cylinders during sintering at 1390 °C (2535 °F). Half of the cylinder is shown for the initial shape at the start and after hold times of 0, 2, and 4 h. Source: Chung et al. ( Ref 6 )
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Image
Distortion of individual tooth shape after induction hardening caused by vo...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 September 2008
Fig. 73 Distortion of individual tooth shape after induction hardening caused by volume changes. Source: Ref 15 , 20 , 55
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Published: 01 January 2022
Book Chapter
Distortion Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... Abstract Distortion failures are readily identified by the inherent change in size and/or shape. They are serious because they can lead to other types of failure or may even cause complete collapse of structures, such as bridges, ladders, beams, and columns. Distortion failures may...
Abstract
Distortion failures are readily identified by the inherent change in size and/or shape. They are serious because they can lead to other types of failure or may even cause complete collapse of structures, such as bridges, ladders, beams, and columns. Distortion failures may be classified in different ways. One way is to consider them either as dimensional distortion (growth or shrinkage) or as shape distortion (such as bending, twisting, or buckling). They may also be classified as being either temporary or permanent in nature. This chapter discusses the nature, causes, and effects of all of these types of failures as well as the methods to manage them.
Book Chapter
Distortion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... Abstract Distortion is defined as an irreversible and usually unpredictable dimensional change in a component due to thermal processing or temperature variations and loading in service. This chapter describes two types of distortion: size distortion and shape distortion. It addresses how...
Abstract
Distortion is defined as an irreversible and usually unpredictable dimensional change in a component due to thermal processing or temperature variations and loading in service. This chapter describes two types of distortion: size distortion and shape distortion. It addresses how distortion can be managed by controlling certain factors. The chapter discusses the cause and effect of distortion during nitriding, the processes involved in stock removal prior to nitriding, and the criteria for post-machining operations.
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Grain shape of titanium. (a) Distorted grains are evidence of cold work. (b...
Available to Purchase
in Deformation and Recrystallization of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 5.16 Grain shape of titanium. (a) Distorted grains are evidence of cold work. (b) Deformed grains in (a) changed to strain-free grains by recrystallization at 790 °C (1450 °F). Etchant: 10% HF-5%HNO 3 . Original magnification: 250x
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Book Chapter
Evaluating the Process
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... material may have to be selected. Distortion Distortion is always a contentious subject. Despite the low nitrocarburizing process temperature, there is no absolute guarantee that distortion will not occur. Distortion can be classified as either shape distortion (warpage) or size distortion ( Ref 1...
Abstract
This chapter describes processes for evaluation of nitrided parts, including case depth and case hardness, and discusses the factors contributing to corrosion and distortion of parts after ferritic nitrocarburizing.
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Photocarriers generated during VLP cause problems ( Ref 25 ). (a) Diagram r...
Available to Purchase
in Laser-Based, Photon, and Thermal Emission
> Electronic Device Failure Analysis Technology Roadmap
Published: 01 November 2023
show shark-fin-shaped distortion, which affects rise time measurements. (c) Generated photocarriers trigger latch-up at high voltages, damaging the ultra-thin sample.
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Book Chapter
Troubleshooting: Manufacturing and Performance Problems
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... corrections on the part when hardened. Heating to the austenitizing temperature for hardening is another stage in the hardening process where distortion, and even cracking, especially for tools and dies with complex shapes or major changes in section thickness, may take place. Single and double preheating...
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of some of the major causes of tool and die failures. The chapter describes fracture and fracture toughness of tool steels, and the influence of factors such as steel quality and primary processing, mechanical design, heat treatment, grinding and finishing, and distortion and dimensional change.
Book Chapter
Residual Stresses, Distortion, and Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... heat treatments designed to minimize undesirable residual stress, quench cracking, and distortion. Some comments and references to modeling of residual stress and distortion conclude the chapter. Origins of Distortion Distortion of a part may be classified as size distortion or shape distortion...
Abstract
Temperature and deformation gradients developed in the course of manufacturing can have undesired effects on the microstructures along their path; the two most common being residual stress and distortion. This chapter discusses these manufacturing-related problems and how they can be minimized by heat treatments. It also provides information on residual stress evaluation and prediction techniques.
Book Chapter
Case Studies of Powder-Binder Processing Practices
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
..., distortion, postsintering treatments, and mechanical properties are presented for each. The shaping options include powder-binder approaches such as binder jetting, injection molding, extrusion, slip and slurry casting, centrifugal casting, tape casting, and additive manufacturing. Sintering options...
Abstract
This chapter provides details on powder-binder processing for three materials, namely precipitation-hardened 17-4 PH stainless steel, cemented carbides, and alumina. The types of powders, binders, feedstock, shaping processes, debinding, sintering cycles, compositions, microstructure, distortion, postsintering treatments, and mechanical properties are presented for each. The shaping options include powder-binder approaches such as binder jetting, injection molding, extrusion, slip and slurry casting, centrifugal casting, tape casting, and additive manufacturing. Sintering options are outlined with respect to attaining high final properties.
Book Chapter
Metallurgy Variables in Fusion Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... section provides information on the residual stresses and distortion that remain after welding. The focus then shifts to distortion control of weldments. Inclusions and cracking are discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the causes for reduced fatigue strength of a component by a weld: stress...
Abstract
During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source causes physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformations, and transient thermal stresses and metal movement. This chapter begins by discussing weld metal solidification behavior and the solid-state transformations of the main classes of metals and alloys during fusion welding. The main classes include work- or strain-hardened metals and alloys, precipitation-hardened alloys, transformation-hardened steels and cast irons, stainless steels, and solid-solution and dispersion-hardened alloys. The following section provides information on the residual stresses and distortion that remain after welding. The focus then shifts to distortion control of weldments. Inclusions and cracking are discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the causes for reduced fatigue strength of a component by a weld: stress concentration due to weld shape and joint geometry; stress concentration due to weld imperfections; and residual welding stresses. Inspection and characterization of welds are described in the final section of this chapter.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
...; components near the center of the furnace heat slower. Other factors include gravity and support friction. Thus, shape distortion and dimensional variation are inherent parts of the powder-binder processes. Distortion is related to nonuniform final size, seen by shape loss after sintering. Figure 1.3...
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to powder processing of binders and polymers. It sets the context for the remainder of the book by providing an overview of the topics discussed in the subsequent chapters and by providing introduction to powder-binder fabrication and customization of feedstock and describing the challenges in component production. The chapter also summarizes alphabetically a few key concepts in powder-binder processing.
Book Chapter
Defects Leading to Failure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
..., shape distortion, loose metal, and undesirable surface textures. The occurrence of any one or a combination of these conditions can render the sheet metal part unusable. Fracturing Fracturing occurs when a sheet metal blank is subjected to stretching or shearing (drawing) forces that exceed...
Abstract
This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how application life is affected by the severity of service conditions and discusses the consequences of using inappropriate materials.
Book Chapter
Drawing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... Abstract Drawing is a bulk deformation process that involves significant surface generation and high pressures. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanics and tribology of wire, bar, tube, and shape drawing. It presents important equations for calculating stresses, forces, friction...
Abstract
Drawing is a bulk deformation process that involves significant surface generation and high pressures. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanics and tribology of wire, bar, tube, and shape drawing. It presents important equations for calculating stresses, forces, friction, heat, strain, and distortion for different tooling configurations and geometries. It explains how to select and apply lubricants based on drawing speed, die design, and other factors and how to maintain sufficient film thickness for hydrodynamic, mixed, and solid-film lubrication conditions. It also discusses the use of vibrating dies, the influence of surface finish and defects, and lubrication practices for specific materials.
Book Chapter
Why Nitride?
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... heat treatment process in the form of either: Shape distortion: a change in geometrical form, such as curving, twisting, or bending Size distortion: a change in workpiece volume due to either growth or shrinkage Distortion can be minimized but not eliminated. Stresses are induced...
Abstract
The unique advantages of the nitriding process were recognized by German researchers in the early 1920s. It was used to treat steels for applications that required: high torque, high wear resistance; abrasive wear resistance; corrosion resistance; and high surface compressive strength. This chapter focuses on key process considerations and factors that helped nitriding gain acceptance. These factors include a low-temperature process, no quench requirement, minimal distortion, high hardness values, and resistance to oxidation.
Book Chapter
Transformation of Austenite and Quenching of Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... information on the causes and characteristics of residual stresses, distortion, and quench cracking of steel. austenite transformation continuous cooling transformation diagram cooling rate distortion isothermal transformation diagram quench cracking quenchants quenching steel...
Abstract
The decomposition of austenite, during controlled cooling or quenching, produces a wide variety of microstructures in response to such factors as steel composition, temperature of transformation, and cooling rate. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the isothermal transformation and continuous cooling transformation diagrams that characterize the conditions that produce the various microstructures. It discusses the mechanism and process variables of quenching of steel, explaining the factors involved in the mechanism of quenching. In addition, the chapter provides information on the causes and characteristics of residual stresses, distortion, and quench cracking of steel.
Book Chapter
Steel Heat Treatment Failures due to Quenching
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
...). Basic Distortion Mechanism Shape and volume changes occurring during heating and cooling can be attributed to three fundamental causes (Ref 12) : Residual stresses will cause shape change when they exceed the yield strength of the material. Stresses caused by differential expansion due...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental material- and process-related parameters of quenching on residual stress, distortion control, and cracking. It begins with a description of phase transformations during heating and quenching of steel. This is followed by a section on the effects of materials and quench process design on distortion of steel during heat treating. Details on stress raisers and their role in quench cracking are then presented. The chapter ends with various selected case histories of failures attributed to the quenching process.
Book Chapter
Residual Stresses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... Abstract Residual, or locked-in internal, stresses are regions of misfit within a metal part or assembly that can cause distortion and fracture just as can the more obvious applied, or service, stresses. This chapter describes the fundamental facts about residual stresses and discusses...
Abstract
Residual, or locked-in internal, stresses are regions of misfit within a metal part or assembly that can cause distortion and fracture just as can the more obvious applied, or service, stresses. This chapter describes the fundamental facts about residual stresses and discusses the basic mechanisms of residual stress formation: thermal, transformational, mechanical, and chemical.
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