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selective laser sintering
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... in the metal casting field are Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) ( Figures 8-3 and 8-4 ), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA) ( Figure 8-5 ) and Selective Laser Sintering Process (SLS) ( Figures 8-6 and 8-7 ). These processes enable the building of complex, three-dimensional models...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... Selective Laser Sintering of Metal Nanoparticles , Nanotechnology , Vol 18 , 2007 , Paper 345202 10.1088/0957-4484/18/34/345202 • Lall C. , The Science of Stainless Steels Produced by Powder Metallurgy and Metal Injection Molding , Metal Powder Industries Federation , Princeton, NJ...
Abstract
This chapter provides details on several specific binder formulations and a discussion of basic binder design concepts. The focus is on customization of the feedstock response to heating, pressurization, or solvent exposure for a specific shaping process. The discussion starts with the requirements of a binder system, the historical progression of binder formulations, and the use of binder alternatives to adapt to specific applications. The importance of binder handling strength to shape preservation is emphasized. The chapter provides information on the binders used for room-temperature shaping, namely slurry and tape casting systems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... industry by eliminating the need for many of the investment casting process steps. This elimination has led to significant cost and lead-time reduction for development hardware. Processes such as stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and other three-dimensional (3-D) printing technology can provide...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the application of investment casting to nickel- and cobalt-base superalloys. It describes the production of polycrystalline and single crystal castings, the materials normally used, and the part dimensions and tolerances typically achieved. It explains how patterns, molds, and shells are produced, discusses the practice of directional solidification, and examines an assortment of turbine components cast from nickel- and cobalt-base alloys. The chapter also addresses casting problems such as inclusions, porosity, distortion, core shift, and leaching and explains how to avoid them.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... with advanced rapid prototyping methods to directly manufacture three-dimensional components. The approach is similar to rapid prototyping techniques, such as stereolithography and selective laser sintering. However, it is different in that a fully dense, high-integrity part is claimed to be made without...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the promising developments in the use of titanium, including titanium aluminides, titanium matrix composites, superplastic forming, spray forming, nanotechnology, and rapid solidification rate processing. It also reports on efforts to increase the operating temperature range of conventional titanium alloys and reduce costs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mbheaktmse.t56030001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-418-5
.... Another method of fabricating bulk HEAs is by additive manufacturing (AM) ( Ref 78 , 79 ). Recently, scientists fabricated HEAs by selective laser melting ( Ref 80 ), directed energy deposition ( Ref 81 ), electron beam melting ( Ref 82 ), binder jetting ( Ref 83 ), three-dimensional (3D) ink-extrusion...
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the progress that has been made in the study of high-entropy alloy (HEA) systems and the process-structure-property relationships that define them. It describes the various ways HEAs can be strengthened and explains how alloying elements influence tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, and fracture strength. It discusses the stages of plastic deformation in HEAs and the role of dislocations and twinning in the evolution of microstructure. It reviews some of the work that has been done on fatigue behaviors and the methods developed to assess fatigue performance. It discusses the influence of defects on fatigue life, the effect of temperature and grain size on fatigue-crack propagation, and the role of nanotwinning in crack-growth retardation. It describes the methods used to produce HEAs in bulk and powder form and to apply them as protective coatings and films. It also identifies potential applications based on properties such as strength, hardness, density, wear resistance, high-temperature stability, and biocompatibility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... to deagglomerate the particles. Powder characteristics depend on the synthesis route, chemistry, and impurities. Generally, the powders employed in binder-assisted processes are small to enable sintering, typically from 0.1 to 100 μm. The cost of powder varies considerably, so the selection of a fabrication route...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the key powder fabrication attributes to assist in the identification of the right powders for an application. First, it describes the characteristics of engineering powders such as particle size distribution, powder shape and packing density, surface area, powder flow and rheology, and chemical analysis. The chapter then describes the general categories of powder fabrication methods, namely mechanical comminution, electrochemical precipitation, thermochemical reaction, and phase change and atomization. It provides information on the two largest contributors to powder price, namely raw material cost and conversion cost. The applicability of various processes to specific material systems is mentioned throughout this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... in the materials selection process is material availability and delivery time. This is especially true if a person/company has only a limited time for completing a part. Even without time constraints, materials engineers tend to use materials that are readily available. Similarly, the choice of a surface...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts surface-engineering processes based on process availability, corrosion and wear performance, distortion effects, penetration depth or attainable coating thickness, and cost. It provides both quantitative and qualitative information as well as measured property values.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... applied first to paper and plastic constructions. A low-wattage laser beam (8 W) was able to cut the paper or sinter the plastic particles. Stacking of the layers gave the desired three-dimensional component. Now, additive manufacturing is pushing for similar extensions into metals and ceramics. Also...
Abstract
This chapter is intended to identify materials, processes, and designs that will lead to great advances in powder-binder forming technologies. It discusses some of the structures obtained through these advances in powder-binder technologies such as binder jetting and extrusion-based additive manufacturing, including bound-metal deposition and fused-filament fabrication: oxidation-resistant high-temperature alloys, anisotropic structures, submicrometer-scale structures, surface hard materials, and artist metallic clays. Some of the advances discussed include the developments in process involving plastics, emulsions, ceramics, and porous structures and foams. Improvements in the design processes have led to the development of functional structures, controlled porosity, and bioinspired structures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
...) Melt and decompose binder in selected atmosphere Vacuum Slow heat to 600 °C (1110 °F), continue to sintering temperature Melt and evaporate binder in low-pressure vacuum furnace Sublimation Cold, for water <0 °C (30 °F) to avoid melting Temperature and pressure below triple point...
Abstract
Binder removal approaches involve various combinations of heat, solvents, vacuum, and pressure. In each variant, the goal is binder removal without component damage. This chapter addresses the factors that control success, showing how process decisions depend on the powder and binder characteristics. The chapter starts with a comparison of binder-, lubricant-, and polymer-removal situations that arise after powder shaping and then describes the general principles of binder removal in powder-binder techniques. The subsequent sections discuss in detail characteristics, operating procedure, equipment setup, advantages, limitations, and applications of first- and second-stage binder removal processes, as well as the factors influencing these processes. Cost issues associated with binder-removal technologies are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
...Material compatibility with selected manufacturing methods Table 6.1 Material compatibility with selected manufacturing methods Process Material compatibility with process (a) Cast iron Carbon steel Alloy steel Stainless steel Aluminum and its alloys Copper and its alloys Zinc...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes involved in the fabrication of wrought and cast metal products. It discusses deformation processes including bending and forming, material removal processes such as milling, cutting, and grinding, and joining methods including welding, soldering, and brazing. It also discusses powder consolidation, rolling, drawing and extrusion, and common forging methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230361
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
...; the subsequent slow increase is attributed to pore reduction. Fig. 22.31 Effect of sintering temperature on electrical conductivity of plasma-sprayed beryllium. Source: Dunmur 1979 The use of laser processing to consolidate porous, thermal-sprayed beryllium deposits is a feasible option...
Abstract
This chapter discusses coating technologies that are applicable to beryllium, including physical and chemical vapor deposition, thermal evaporation, electroplating, sputtering, ion plating, and plasma arc spraying. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the effect of temperature, pressure, and other process variables on the microstructures and properties developed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... on direct component fabrication without a binder. An example is laser scanning, where a layer of particles is energized sufficiently to sinter by using a high-power laser. Progressive layers and scanning build the three-dimensional object in small layers. In addition to lasers, electron beams and electric...
Abstract
The conversion of feedstock into a shape involves the application of heat and pressure, and possibly solvents. This chapter discusses the operating principle, advantages, limitations, and applications of such shaping processes, namely additive manufacturing, cold isostatic pressing, die compaction, extrusion, injection molding, slip casting, slurry processes, and tape casting. Information on equipment setup, requirements, and the various factors influencing these processes are described. In addition, the chapter provides information on novel approaches and processing costs applicable to these shaping processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
... vary significantly, depending on the alloy composition and sintering parameters. Selection of optimal material and processing parameters can go a long way in controlling the cost of machining. In some situations, the choices may be limited, with the result that the cost of machining is a significant...
Abstract
This chapter describes secondary processes employed in the production of powder-metal stainless steel parts, including various machining operations, welding, brazing, sinter bonding, resin impregnation, re-pressing and sizing, and surface finishing. It also discusses the factors that affect the machinability and weldability of sintered stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
...Abstract Abstract This chapter provides helpful guidelines for selecting a surface treatment for a given application. It identifies important design factors and applicable treatments for common design scenarios, materials, and operating conditions. It explains why heat treatments and finishing...
Abstract
This chapter provides helpful guidelines for selecting a surface treatment for a given application. It identifies important design factors and applicable treatments for common design scenarios, materials, and operating conditions. It explains why heat treatments and finishing operations may be required before or after processing and how to estimate or predict coating thickness, case depth, hardness, and the likelihood of distortion. It also addresses related issues and considerations such as part handling and fixturing, surface preparation and cleaning requirements, processability, aesthetics, and the influence of design features.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
..., and private industries. One method used PM techniques for cold compaction and sintering. These steps were followed, in some cases, by hot or cold working to produce small amounts of metal products suitable for inspection and testing. However, such products had serious shortcomings that could not be corrected...
Abstract
Casting is the most economical processing route for producing titanium parts, and unlike most metals, the properties of cast titanium are on par with those of wrought. This chapter covers titanium melting and casting practices -- including vacuum arc remelting, consumable electrode arc melting, electron beam hearth melting, rammed graphite mold casting, sand casting, investment casting, hot isostatic pressing, weld repair, and heat treatment -- along with related equipment, process challenges, and achievable properties and microstructures. It also explains how titanium parts are produced from powders and how the different methods compare with each other and with conventional production techniques. The methods covered include powder injection molding, spray forming, additive manufacturing, blended elemental processing, and rapid solidification.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
...-, induction-, electron beam-, or laser-hardened steels. More details on these surface-engineering techniques can be found in Chapters 5 through 8 in this book. Material/Process Selection <xref rid="t68350001-ref10" ref-type="bibr">(Ref 10)</xref> Faced with the wide range of possibilities...
Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief review of the different types of surface treatments and coatings used in industry and their effect on properties and performance. It then discusses the importance of corrosion and wear treatments and the consequences of failing to properly implement them in critical industries such as mining, energy production, transportation, and mineral and chemical processing. The chapter also describes basic approaches to dealing with corrosion and wear in steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
... a temperature range of 0 to 1000 °C (32 to 1832 °F). Thermal Diffusivity and Conductivity Using a laser flash method, Beiss et al. ( Ref 22 ) determined the thermal diffusivity of 316L sintered in hydrogen and in 30% H 2 -70% N 2 atmospheres over a temperature range of 0 to 800 °C (32 to 1472 °F...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages of using powder metallurgy to produce magnetic materials, particularly its ability to control chemistry and near-net shape. It also explains how process parameters and powder characteristics influence the physical and magnetic properties of common stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550511
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
...-tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP). It also provides information on materials selection, design optimization, and joining methods, and covers every step of the ceramic production process. brazing ceramic processing diffusion bonding structural ceramics toughened ceramics weibull analysis...
Abstract
Ceramics normally have high melting temperatures, excellent chemical stability and, due to the absence of conduction electrons, tend to be good electrical and thermal insulators. They are also inherently hard and brittle, and when loaded in tension, have almost no tolerance for flaws. This chapter describes the applications, properties, and behaviors of some of the more widely used structural ceramics, including alumina, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), magnesia-partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), and yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP). It also provides information on materials selection, design optimization, and joining methods, and covers every step of the ceramic production process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... S.J.L. and Jung Y.I. , Sintering Kinetics at Final Stage Sintering: Model Calculation and Map Construction , Acta Mater. , Vol 52 , 2004 , p 4573 – 4578 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.06.015 • Kearns M. , A Review of the Sintering Behaviour of Selected Tool Steels Processed by MIM...
Abstract
After shaping and first-stage binder removal, the component (with remaining backbone binder) is heated to the sintering temperature. Further heating induces densification, evident as dimensional shrinkage, pore rounding, and improved strength. This chapter begins with a discussion on the events that are contributing to sintering densification, followed by a discussion on the driving forces, such as surface energy, and high-temperature atomic motion as well as the factors affecting these processes. The process of microstructure evolution in sintering is then described, followed by a discussion on the tools used for measuring bulk properties to monitor sintering and density. The effects of key parameters, such as particle size, oxygen content, sintering atmosphere, and peak temperature, on the sintered properties are discussed. Further, the chapter covers sintering cycles and sintering practices adopted as well as provides information on dimensional control and related concerns of sintering. Cost issues associated with sintering are finally covered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420289
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... electric motor housings, a deficiency in the amount of carbon in sintered tungsten-carbide cutting tools, and a problem in which components were failing where the gold lead wires were fused to aluminized transistor and integrated circuits. Additional examples of applications of phase diagrams developed...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of phase diagrams in alloy design, processing, and performance assessment. The examples cover both ferrous and nonferrous metals and a variety of goals and objectives. The chapter also identifies limitations and pitfalls associated with the use of phase diagrams.