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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
.... It explains how steel shrinks as it solidifies, causing issues such as pipe and voids, and how differences in the solubility of solid and liquid steel lead to compositional heterogeneities or segregation. It describes the dendritic nature of solidification, peritectic and eutectic reactions, microporosity...
Abstract
Many of the structural characteristics of steel products are a result of changes that occur during solidification, particularly volume contractions and solute redistribution. This chapter discusses the solidification process and how it affects the quality and behaviors of steel. It explains how steel shrinks as it solidifies, causing issues such as pipe and voids, and how differences in the solubility of solid and liquid steel lead to compositional heterogeneities or segregation. It describes the dendritic nature of solidification, peritectic and eutectic reactions, microporosity, macro- and microsegregation, and hot cracking, as well as the effects of solidification and remelting on castings, ingots, and continuous cast products. It explains how to determine where defects originate in continuous casters and how to control alumina, sulfide, and nitride inclusions.
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 7.10 Segregation morphologies in aluminum-killed steel ingot. Source: Ref 1
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 22.15 Carbide segregation at center of M2 round bars of various diameters. (a) 27 mm ( 1 1 6 in.). (b) 67 mm ( 2 5 8 in.). (c) 105 mm ( 4 1 8 in.). Original magnification: 100×. Source: Ref 5
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 1-21 Examples of segregation associated with central bursts in extruded AISI 1141 modified steel. The streaks, which consist of martensite, have a hardness of 46 to 58 HRC (Rockwell hardness on the C scale) while the matrix hardness is less than 20 HRC.
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 1-22 Macroetching with 10% nital was used to reveal carbide segregation in polished sections from various sizes of rounds of T1 high-speed tool steel. (Diameters in inches below sections.)
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in Engineered Special Bar Quality Steel (Engineering Steels)
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 15.36 Transverse cross sections of rails with different levels of segregation at the center of the web. Etchant: hot hydrochloric acid. Courtesy of M. Oliveira and M. Talarico, CETEC, MG, Brazil.
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in Life Assessment of Steam-Turbine Components
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 6.26. Correlation of ΔFATT with phosphorus segregation, based on Auger analysis, for Cr-Mo-V steel ( Ref 55 ).
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 5.8 McLean’s grain-boundary segregation equation. The dashed curves in the figure (b) indicate the substantial segregations in consideration of the diffusion rate.
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 5.10 The grain-boundary segregation coefficients of Fe-X systems (11)-(13). The smaller solid solution limits an element has, the larger its grain-boundary segregation coefficient becomes.
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 5.11 The competitive segregation of two kinds of coexistent elements (At a higher temperature, X , the content of which is larger, has a higher segregation concentration. At a lower temperature, Δ E Y g b is larger, and Y occupies grain boundaries.)
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 5.12 Grain-boundary segregation and temperature. (a) Reduction of grain-boundary
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in Austenitization of Steels
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 6-14 Schematic illustration of the formation of ingot segregation. (From same source as Fig. 6-10 )
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in Steel Heat Treatment Failures due to Quenching
> Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 40 (a) Representative view of the chemical segregation (banding). Etched with 2% nital. Original magnification: 50×. (b) Higher magnification of the microstructure showing tempered martensite and bainite. Etched with 2% nital. Original magnification: 400×
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 8.11 Segregation of solute atoms to grain boundaries and resultant solute drag
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in Primary Processing Effects on Steel Microstructure and Properties
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 9.20 Remnants of interdendritic segregation in 10V45 steel hot rolled to reduction ratios of (a) 7:1, (b) 10:1, (c) 27:1, and (d) 49:1. Transverse sections, picric acid-sodium tridecylbenzene etch, light micrographs. Courtesy of J. Dyck. Source: Ref 9.58
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 11.11 Longitudinal cross section of the axis of Fig. 11.10 . The segregation has been aligned by hot working, creating the aspect of fibers. This indicates a high degree of deformation in hot working. Etchant: iodine.
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 11.8 Longitudinal sections illustrating carbide segregation at the center of M2 round bars of various diameters. (a) 27 mm (1 1/16 in.). (b) 67 mm (2 5/8 in.). (c) 105 mm (4 1/8 in.). Original magnification: 100×. Source: Ref 11.9
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Published: 01 April 2013
Fig. 1 Microstructural bonding due to chemical segregation and mechanical working. Source: Ref 1
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in Direct Chill Ingot and Continuous Casting Processes
> Aluminum: Technology, Industry, and Applications
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 4.12 Low-magnification photograph of surface segregation on the rolling surface (bottom) of 5182 ingot
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