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scuffing
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... Oil film separating two rubbing surfaces. D is the composite roughness of two mating surfaces Fig. 4.28 Oil film separation in (a) a plain bearing at rest, and (b) at sufficient operating speed; P, load Fig. 4.29 Scuffing on the rolling surface of a roller cam Fig. 4.30...
Abstract
This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling, fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... the risk of scuffing. In addition, recommendations for lubricant selection, viscosity, and method of application are discussed. The chapter discusses in greater detail the applications of oil lubricant. Finally, a case history demonstrates how the tribological principles discussed in the chapter can...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the knowledge of the field of gear tribology and is intended for both gear designers and gear operators. Gear tooth failure modes are discussed with emphasis on lubrication-related failures. The chapter is concerned with gear tooth failures that are influenced by friction, lubrication, and wear. Equations for calculating lubricant film thickness, which determines whether the gears operate in the boundary, elastohydrodynamic, or full-film lubrication range, are given. Also, given is an equation for Blok's flash temperature, which is used for predicting the risk of scuffing. In addition, recommendations for lubricant selection, viscosity, and method of application are discussed. The chapter discusses in greater detail the applications of oil lubricant. Finally, a case history demonstrates how the tribological principles discussed in the chapter can be applied practically to avoid gear failure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... the characteristics of various fatigue failures. Then, it provides information on the modes of impact fractures, wear, scuffing, and stress rupture. Next, the chapter describes the causes of gear failures and discusses the processes involved in conducting the failure analysis. Finally, the chapter presents examples...
Abstract
Gears can fail in many different ways, and except for an increase in noise level and vibration, there is often no indication of difficulty until total failure occurs. This chapter begins with the classification of gear failure modes, followed by sections discussing the characteristics of various fatigue failures. Then, it provides information on the modes of impact fractures, wear, scuffing, and stress rupture. Next, the chapter describes the causes of gear failures and discusses the processes involved in conducting the failure analysis. Finally, the chapter presents examples of gear failure analysis.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
..., the chapter describes the test procedures for surface durability (pitting), root strength (bending), and scoring (or scuffing) testing. durability fatigue test gear failure gears mechanical testing residual stress rolling contact fatigue test single-tooth fatigue test single-tooth overload test...
Abstract
Mechanical tests are performed to evaluate the durability of gears under load. The chapter first discusses the processes involved in the computations of stress for test parameters of gear. Next, the chapter reviews the four areas of specimen characterization of a test program, namely dimensional, surface finish texture, metallurgical, and residual stress. The following section presents the tests that simulate gear action, namely the rolling contact fatigue test, the single-tooth fatigue test, the single-tooth single-overload test, and the single-tooth impact test. Finally, the chapter describes the test procedures for surface durability (pitting), root strength (bending), and scoring (or scuffing) testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
..., HRC Bend strength, MPa Impact strength, MPa Impact fatigue strength, MPa 900 40 57 1500 2500 670 860 20 59 1420 2500 770 820 0 61 1390 2500 790 790 0 61 1250 2800 800 Source: Ref 23 Effect of retained austenite on the scuffing tendency of steel Table...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of retained austenite in quenched carburized steels. It explains why retained austenite can be expected at the surface of case-hardened components, how to estimate the amount that will be present, and how to effectively stabilize or otherwise control it. It presents detailed images and data plots showing how retained austenite appears and how it influences hardness, tensile properties, residual stresses, fatigue and fracture behaviors, and wear resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... are improved with the introduction of nitrogen and carbon. Scuffing Resistance Scuffing resistance means the resistance to wear on the metal surface. This is accomplished by changing the nature of the surface compound layer, which is also known as the white layer. The completed compound layer will form...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
.... 5.13 Applicability of some friction tests Fig. 5.14 Mild wear (left side) and scuffing (right side) in a 1020 steel counterface after reciprocation versus 60 HRC 52100 steel in line contact Fig. 5.15 An oxide tribofilm starting to build on a hard versus hard steel reciprocating...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes and procedures involved in tribotesting, the significance of test parameters and conditions, and practical considerations including test metrics and measurements and the interpretation of wear damage. It also describes the different types of erosion tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... generation cannot be controlled above a certain maximum viscosity (for a given oil). Breakdown of the oil film will occur when the gear tooth surface-equilibrium temperature has reached a specific value. The scuffing load limit of mating tooth surfaces is speed dependent. With increasing speed...
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the various kinds of gear wear and failure and how gear life in service is estimated and discusses the kinds of flaws in material that may lead to premature gear fatigue failure. The topics covered are alignment, gear tooth, surface durability and breakage of gear tooth, life determined by contact stress and bending stress, analysis of gear tooth failure by breakage after pitting, and metallurgical flaws that reduce the life of gears. The chapter briefly reviews some components in the design and structure of each gear and/or gear train that must be considered in conjunction with the teeth to enhance fatigue life.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.9781627083157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... downgrading. However, within its safe range of application, the case shallowness provides good bending fatigue, contact fatigue, wear, and scuffing resistance. Carbon case hardening can be employed to achieve a wide range of effective case depths (up to greater than 4 mm) in a wide range of steels...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief but practical overview of the case carburizing process. It discusses the benefits and challenges of the process and compares and contrasts it with other hardening methods. It explains how design allowables and safety factors compensate for unknowns and familiarizes readers with the steps involved in determining case depth and verifying that case carbon requirements have been met.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... that can be finish cut after hardening, thus eliminating costly finishing operations. Through-hardened gears also are found to be effective in applications susceptible to gear scuffing. It is claimed that profile conformance of through-hardened gears, because of their low surface hardness, reduces sliding...
Abstract
The through-hardening process is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. Four different methods of heat treatment are primarily used for through-hardened gears. In ascending order of achievable hardness, these methods are annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the through-hardening of gears. It provides information on designing procedures, hardness, distortion, and applications of the through-hardened gears. The chapter presents a case history on the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... operations. Through-hardened gears also are found to be effective in applications susceptible to gear scuffing. It is claimed that profile conformance of through-hardened gears, because of their low surface hardness, reduces sliding friction and thereby helps to increase scuffing resistance. Overall...
Abstract
Through-hardening heat treatment is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. In through hardening, gears are first heated to a required temperature and then cooled either in the furnace or quenched in air, gas, or liquid. Four heat treatment methods are primarily used for through-hardened gears: annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter begins with a discussion of these through-hardening processes. This is followed by sections providing some factors affecting the design and hardness levels of through-hardened gears. Next, the chapter reviews the considerations related to distortion of through-hardened gears. It then discusses the applications of through-hardened gears. Finally, the chapter presents a case history of the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... is too close, the fiber scuffs laterally across the outer package surface, generally abrading and causing loose fiber. Additionally, the first guide should be on the horizontal centerline of the package to prevent falloff of wraps at the edges and to minimize scuffing. Fig. 6.12 Guide-to-package...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the hardware requirements for filament winding, from elementary processing equipment to more advanced systems. The chapter describes the equipment, defines how it is best used, and presents real-life examples. It describes a helical horizontal filament winding machine system and a vertical winding machine. The chapter provides information on in-plane (polar) winders and several types of creels, namely stationary and no twist, rotating, braking, and combinations thereof. Comprehensive descriptions of mandrel designs used in filament winding are presented in text and illustration. The chapter also reviews process control of filament winding parameters, including for some specialized winding processes and unique component types.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
..., and rolling contact). Using this classification system, galling, scuffing, and scoring are not strictly considered forms of wear because material is not necessarily removed (it may instead be displaced to one side). Rather, these latter phenomena are referred to as “surface damage.” Source: Ref 1...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of friction and the factors that must be considered when determining its effect on moving bodies in contact. It provides an extensive amount of friction data, including static and kinetic friction coefficients for numerous combinations of engineering materials and coatings. It also describes the causes and effects of the most common forms of wear, the conditions under which they occur, the role of lubrication, and wear testing methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... of wear, such as abrasion, erosion, and scuffing Heat insulation or conduction Prevention of oxidation and hot corrosion Electrical conduction or insulation Near-net-shape manufacturing Sealing Engineered emissivity Abradable coatings Decoration Thermal spray processes...
Abstract
This article provides a high-level overview of thermal spray technologies and their applications and benefits. It is intended to educate members of government, industry, and academia to the benefits of thermal spray technology. The article describes the value of thermal spray technology with examples of application success stories. A few applications critical to thermal spray and market growth are briefly discussed. The article also summarizes the key research areas in thermal spray technology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... of the SAR number is in the ranking of construction materials for use in pumping a particular slurry. Wear Tests for Elastomers ASTM D 1630-94, “Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Abrasion Resistance (Footwear Abrader)” ( Ref 28 ), gives a quantitative measure of scuffing abrasion resistance...
Abstract
This article focuses on friction and wear as they relate to polymeric materials, covering friction and wear applications for polymeric materials. The discussion covers the causes and mechanisms of friction, wear, and lubrication; different test methods developed to simulate friction and wear mechanisms; and friction and wear test data used for polymeric materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.9781627083232
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... areas) at 500× Fig. 1.6 Scoring of a stainless steel from rubbing contact with another steel part Fig. 1.7 Scuffing of a gear tooth Fig. 1.8 Wear of a cam follower. There was no step in the outside diameter when it was new. Major Concepts and Ideas in Tribology...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on the biennial International Wear of Materials Conference, which is the inspiration for this book. It reviews the fundamentals of tribology, tribosystems, and related terminology. The glossary at the end of this chapter is intended to familiarize readers with some of the fundamental tribology terms that will be repeated throughout this book.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... nickel-phosphorus plating, ferritic nitrocarburizing, sulfurizing, and spark hardening Fig. 16 Compares the wear, scuffing, and spalling resistance of sheet-metal dies coated by the following surface-hardening processes: uncoated, nitrided, borided, nitrogen ion implanted, chrome plated, sulfurized...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts surface-engineering processes based on process availability, corrosion and wear performance, distortion effects, penetration depth or attainable coating thickness, and cost. It provides both quantitative and qualitative information as well as measured property values.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... to running unlubricated. In lubricated systems under high load and at high speed (e.g., cams and tappets, piston bores and rings) there is still the possibility of scuffing. Is the Part Unlubricated yet There is a Need to Reduce Friction? For dry sliding it is important to specify the exact...
Abstract
This chapter provides helpful guidelines for selecting a surface treatment for a given application. It identifies important design factors and applicable treatments for common design scenarios, materials, and operating conditions. It explains why heat treatments and finishing operations may be required before or after processing and how to estimate or predict coating thickness, case depth, hardness, and the likelihood of distortion. It also addresses related issues and considerations such as part handling and fixturing, surface preparation and cleaning requirements, processability, aesthetics, and the influence of design features.