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Book Chapter
Die-Level Roadmap: Post-Isolation Domain
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.edfatr.t56090109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-462-8
... issues and prepare for tomorrow’s challenges. Keana Scott, NIST, USA, <underline><email href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</email></underline> Keana Scott (ORCID: 0000-0003-1022-4158) is a physical scientist in the Materials Measurement Science Division at the National...
Abstract
The first step in die-level failure analysis is to narrow the search to a specific circuit or transistor group. Then begins the post-isolation process which entails further localizing the defect, determining its electrical, physical, and chemical properties, and examining its microstructure in order to identify the root cause of failure. This chapter assesses the tools and techniques used for those purposes and the challenges brought on by continued transistor scaling, advanced 3D packages, and new IC architectures. The areas covered include sample preparation, nanoprobing, microscopy, FIB circuit edit, and scanning probe microscopy.
Image
(a) Schematic cross section of the placement of copper colls In a supercond...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 1983
Figure 14.49 (a) Schematic cross section of the placement of copper colls In a superconducting magnet system ( Scott et al., 1968 ). (b) Schematic of movable set of coils used to measure magnetic regions ( Hsu and Kunzler, 1963 ).
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Image
Three simple tests for measuring apparent density. (a) Hall device based on...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
with powder to fill the test volume. (c) Scott device based on powder cascading into the density cup
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Book Chapter
High-Temperature Corrosion of Beryllium and Beryllium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... in air at 1 atm. Source: Bradshaw and Wright 1963 The structure and orientation of beryllium oxide film formed on beryllium during high-temperature oxidation in air has been characterized [ Kerr and Wilman 1956 , Scott 1959 ]. Oxide film growth on both oriented polycrystalline surfaces...
Abstract
This chapter describes the corrosion behavior of beryllium in gaseous atmospheres, including oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. It also discusses the development of high-temperature corrosion-resistant beryllium alloys.
Book Chapter
Overview of the Mechanisms of Failure in Heat Treated Steel Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the possible mechanisms of failure for heat treated steel components and discusses the techniques for examining fractures, ductile and brittle failures, intergranular failure mechanisms, and fatigue. It begins with a description of the general sources of component failure. This is followed by a section on the stages of a failure analysis, which can proceed one after the other or occur at the same time. These stages of analysis are collection of background data, preliminary visual examination, nondestructive testing, selection and preservation of specimens, mechanical testing, macroexamination, microexamination, metallographic examination, determination of the fracture mechanism, chemical analysis, exemplar testing, and analysis and writing the report. The chapter ends with a discussion on various processes involved in the determination of the fracture mechanism.
Book Chapter
Case Studies of Steel Component Failures in Aerospace Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
Abstract
This chapter presents various case histories that illustrate a variety of failure mechanisms experienced by the high-strength steel components in aerospace applications. The components covered are catapult holdback bar, AISI 420 stainless steel roll pin, main landing gear (MLG) lever, inboard flap hinge bolt, nose landing gear piston axle, multiple-leg aircraft-handling sling, aircraft hoist sling, internal spur gear, and MLG axle. In addition, the chapter provides information on full-scale fatigue testing, nondestructive testing, and failure analysis of fin attach bolts.
Book Chapter
The Age of Steel—1870 to 1900
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... at Steelton near Harrisburg, with J. Edgar Thomson and Tom Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as principals, and the Cambria Steel Company in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, where Kelly received support to develop his process. Holley built or consulted with plants in North Chicago and Joliet, Illinois...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the evolution of steel production from 1870 to 1900. It begins with a review of the life of the inventor of the air-boiling process, William Kelly. This is followed by a discussion on how Bessemer's air-blowing process entered the steel production industry and the development of the Kelly-Bessemer process by Alexander Holley. The chapter then discusses how Andrew Carnegie lowered the cost to produce steel, how he entered the iron and steelmaking industry, and how Captain Billy Jones joined Carnegie to expand Carnegie steel. The chapter further provides information on the great strike of 1892 at Homestead and the rapid growth in steel markets. It ends with a discussion about the factors that led Carnegie to sell his steel empire.
Book Chapter
Stainless Steel Bibliography
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... Scott S. , The Savoy Group , London , private correspondence, Nov . 4 , 2002 Snelgrove P. , “ Stainless Steel Automotive and Transport Developments, ” World Stainless Library , 2001 Snyder C.C. , Finishing Stainless Steels , Metal Progress , Cleveland , Ohio , Feb...
Abstract
This appendix contains bibliographies related to the history of stainless steel.
Book Chapter
The History of Engineering Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... American metallurgical investigators were working on the more practical aspects of heat treating steel. Howard Scott and H.J. French at the National Bureau of Standards and later in industry (Scott at Westinghouse Electric Corp. and French at the International Nickel Co.) worked on quenching round bars...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of engineering alloy steels, namely chromium, nickel, and nickel-chromium alloy steels. The discussion includes the automotive demand and development of specifications for the alloy steels. It also covers various research on heat treatment of alloy steels, providing information on hardening, transformation of austenite, hardenability testing, and tempering of as-quenched martensite.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... the nature of the precipitation in these higher-iron-content beryllium-iron alloys. Scott and Lindsay [1966] reported extensive cracking in rolling a Be-1.2wt%Fe alloy at 750 °C (1380 °F). Extensive precipitation of a hexagonal FeBe 11 intermetallic compound was found by Morozumi et al. [1969] and Janot...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the composition, properties, and uses of the most common beryllium alloys and composites. It provides information on beryllium-aluminum, beryllium-copper, and beryllium-titanium as well as beryllium-antimony and beryllium-iron systems.
Book Chapter
Air-Hardening, Cold-Work Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
...% of the as-annealed volume, but the volume changes are reduced in tool steels alloyed with chromium. Scott and Gray ( Ref 12 ) measured an expansion of 0.001 in./in. in all directions of a fully hardened steel containing 1% C and 5% Cr, and showed ( Fig. 11-14 ) essentially continuous contraction of the dimensions...
Abstract
The air-hardening cold-work tool steels, designated as group A steels in the AISI classification system, achieve their processing and performance characteristics with combinations of high carbon and moderately high alloy content. This chapter describes the microstructural features and hardenability of air-hardening cold-work tool steels and discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of tool steels.
Book Chapter
Diffusion Brazing
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
... [1981] Aluminum alloys Cu 550 1020 550 (a) 1020 (a) Niemann and Wille [1978] Zn-1Cu 525 975 525 (a) 975 (a) Ricks et al. [1989] Ag-29Cu 510 950 660 1220 Bushby and Scott [1995] (a) Estimated, but not measured 6.2 Examples of Diffusion Brazing Systems...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the process, principles, and modeling of the diffusion brazing system. The applications of diffusion brazing to wide-gap joining and layer manufacturing are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
... finish of PM flanges compared to those of stamped wrought flanges. The initial and post-test leak tightness of the PM flanges is attributed to their superior dimensional accuracy, including sphericity, compared to wrought stamped flanges. Samal et al. ( Ref 13 ) and Scott et al. ( Ref 14 ) describe...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the growing use of sintered stainless steels in automotive applications and various types of filters and filtering media. It also describes how these materials are produced in the form of metal foams and cellular structures and how they serve as flake pigments in corrosion-resistant coatings.
Book Chapter
Characterization of Weathering and Radiation Susceptibility
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... ,” Bulletin 1360, Atlas Electric Devices Co. , 1984 8. Kinmonth R.A. and Norton J.E. , JC-TAX , Vol 49 , 1977 , p 663 9. Scott J.L. , Does Correlation Exist between Accelerated and Conventional Outdoor Exposures? Part II , Atlas Sun Spots , Vol 10 ( No. 23 ), 1980...
Abstract
This article presents a general overview of outdoor weather aging factors, their effects on plastic materials, and the accelerated test methods that can be used to estimate the reaction of a plastic component during actual use. Weather and radiation factors that contribute to degradation in plastics include temperature variations, moisture, sunlight, oxidation, microbiologic attack, and other environmental elements. The article also describes the tests used to predict the behavior of a plastic material to outdoor exposure, discussing the use of xenon arc lamp for the weatherometer and fadeometer and the use of fluorescent sunlamp in test devices.
Book Chapter
Engineering Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... the test volume in a gage block using a powder-filled bushing that moves over the test volume, similar to how a compaction press fills. For the Arnold meter, the hole is 20 cm 3 (1.2 in. 3 ). The Scott device, with several baffles, is reserved for powders that do not flow in the Hall device. Like...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the key powder fabrication attributes to assist in the identification of the right powders for an application. First, it describes the characteristics of engineering powders such as particle size distribution, powder shape and packing density, surface area, powder flow and rheology, and chemical analysis. The chapter then describes the general categories of powder fabrication methods, namely mechanical comminution, electrochemical precipitation, thermochemical reaction, and phase change and atomization. It provides information on the two largest contributors to powder price, namely raw material cost and conversion cost. The applicability of various processes to specific material systems is mentioned throughout this chapter.
Book Chapter
High-Carbon, High-Chromium, Cold-Work Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... small ( Ref 24 - 26 ). For example, Scott and Gray ( Ref 25 ) have indicated an expansion of only 0.1% of the annealed volume after hardening an 11% Cr alloy by air cooling. Hardening temperatures on the high side of the recommended range, which result in considerable retained austenite, may in fact...
Abstract
The high-carbon, high-chromium tool steels, designated as group D steels in the AISI classification system, are the most highly alloyed cold-work steels. This chapter describes the microstructures and hardenability of high-carbon, high-chromium tool steels and discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of tool steels. It also covers the selection criteria and applications of high-carbon, high-chromium tool steels.
Book Chapter
The Effects of Microstructure on Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... • Oswalt K. and Misra M. , Dendrite Arm Spacing , AFS Trans. , 1980 • Radhakrishna K. , Seshan S. , and Seshadri M. , Dendrite Arm Spacing and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy Castings , Aluminum , Vol 38 , 1979 • Scott G. , Granger D...
Abstract
In castings, microstructural features are products of metal chemistry and solidification conditions. The microstructural features, excluding defects, that most strongly affect the mechanical properties or aluminum castings are size, form, and distribution of intermetallic phases; dendrite arm spacing; grain size and shape; and eutectic modification and primary phase refinement. This chapter discusses the effects of these microstructural features on properties and methods for controlling them. The chapter concludes with a detailed examination of the refinement of hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloys.
Book Chapter
Metallography—The New Science of Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... Merica, Howard Scott, and R.G. Waltenberg. These men would become famous as the next major contributors to the study of age hardening. The Research Program Their study was designed to examine the role of copper and magnesium in aluminum independently and then combine them in various amounts...
Abstract
This chapter covers the early studies and various discoveries by metals researchers to study the internal structure of metals. The topics covered include light microscopy, phase diagrams, X-ray diffraction, principles of precipitation hardening, and dislocation theory.
Book Chapter
Chemical Polishing Solutions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... (Gifkins). Use at 60-120°C for 6-12 h; cool to ambient temperature, rinse in water, ethanol, and anhydrous ether (Scott and Pask). Use at 20°C (Grail). Use for 1-2 min. Good for polarized-light work (Haddrell). 558 METALLOGRAPHY Material Magnesium Mg-MgO alloys (0-5%MgO) Pure nickel Pure nickel Ni-Co...
Abstract
This appendix lists chemical polishing solutions and procedures used in metallographic sample preparation.
Book Chapter
High-Entropy Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mbheaktmse.t56030001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-418-5
... , Intermetallics , Vol 39 , 2013 , p 74 – 78 10.1016/j.intermet.2013.03.018 19. Senkov O.N. , Wilks G.B. , Scott J.M. , and Miracle D.B. , Mechanical Properties of Nb25Mo25Ta25W25 and V20Nb20Mo20Ta20W20 Refractory High-Entropy Alloys , Intermetallics , Vol 19 , 2011 , p 698...
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the progress that has been made in the study of high-entropy alloy (HEA) systems and the process-structure-property relationships that define them. It describes the various ways HEAs can be strengthened and explains how alloying elements influence tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, and fracture strength. It discusses the stages of plastic deformation in HEAs and the role of dislocations and twinning in the evolution of microstructure. It reviews some of the work that has been done on fatigue behaviors and the methods developed to assess fatigue performance. It discusses the influence of defects on fatigue life, the effect of temperature and grain size on fatigue-crack propagation, and the role of nanotwinning in crack-growth retardation. It describes the methods used to produce HEAs in bulk and powder form and to apply them as protective coatings and films. It also identifies potential applications based on properties such as strength, hardness, density, wear resistance, high-temperature stability, and biocompatibility.
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