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Book Chapter
Rough Grinding and Polishing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Abstract Rough grinding and polishing of mounted specimens are required to prepare the composite sample for optical analysis. This chapter describes these techniques for preparing composite materials. First, it provides information on grinding and polishing equipment and describes the processes...
Abstract
Rough grinding and polishing of mounted specimens are required to prepare the composite sample for optical analysis. This chapter describes these techniques for preparing composite materials. First, it provides information on grinding and polishing equipment and describes the processes and process variables for sample preparation. Then, the chapter discusses the processes of abrasive sizing for grinding and rough polishing. Next, it provides a summary of grinding methods, rough polishing, and final polishing. Finally, information on common polishing artifacts that can result from any of the steps is provided.
Image
Photograph of a sacrificial hand vise used for rough and fine grinding the ...
Available to Purchase
in Thin-Section Preparation and Transmitted-Light Microscopy
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 6.5 Photograph of a sacrificial hand vise used for rough and fine grinding the second face of the sample
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Book Chapter
Thin-Section Preparation and Transmitted-Light Microscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... specimens of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites for examination by transmitted-light microscopy techniques. The preparation steps covered are a selection of the rough section, preparation of the rough section for preliminary mounting, grinding and polishing the primary-mount first surface, mounting...
Abstract
Transmitted-light methods reveal more details of the morphology of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites than are observable using any other available microscopy techniques. This chapter describes the various aspects relating to the selection and preparation of ultrathin-section specimens of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites for examination by transmitted-light microscopy techniques. The preparation steps covered are a selection of the rough section, preparation of the rough section for preliminary mounting, grinding and polishing the primary-mount first surface, mounting the first surface on a glass slide, and preparing the second surface (top surface). The optimization of microscope conditions and analysis of specimens by microscopy techniques are also covered. In addition, examples of composite ultrathin sections that are analyzed using transmitted-light microscopy contrast methods are shown throughout.
Book Chapter
Special Sample Preparation and Polishing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... with the mounting resin and cured with the application of pressure. The mounted specimen can then be ground and polished as described in Chapter 3, “Rough Grinding and Polishing,” in this book. Preparation of other metallic honeycomb-cored composites will benefit from this technique as well as thin-walled ribbed...
Abstract
The most common methods for preparing polymeric composites for microscopic analysis can be used for most fiber-reinforced composite materials. There are, however, a few composite materials that require special preparation techniques. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the preparation of titanium honeycomb composites, boron fiber composites, titanium/polymeric composite hybrids, and uncured prepreg materials.
Book Chapter
Machining, Grinding, and Finishing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... of gears. bevel gears cutting finishing gear lapping grinding helical gears hobbing hobbing machines honing machining milling spur gears METAL REMOVAL processes for gear manufacture can be grouped into two general categories: Rough machining (or gear cutting) operations...
Abstract
Metal removal processes for gear manufacture can be grouped into two general categories: rough machining (or gear cutting) and finishing (or high-precision machining). This chapter discusses the processes involved in machining for bevel and other gears. The chapter describes the type of gear as the major variable and discusses the machining methods best suited to specific conditions. Next, the chapter provides information on gear cutter material and nominal speeds and feeds for gear hobbing. Further, it describes the cutting fluids recommended for gear cutting and presents a comparison of steels for gear cutting. The operating principles of computer numerical control and hobbing machines are also covered. This is followed by sections that discuss the processes involved in grinding, honing, and lapping of gears. Finally, the chapter provides information on the superfinishing of gears.
Image
Setup for grinding a thin-web gear. Damper plates prevent excessive vibrati...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 September 2005
, mm (in.) 349 (13¾) OD Form Diamond dressed Operating conditions Machine Gear grinding, rack type Speed, at 1850 rev/min, m/min (sfm) 2030 (6650) Infeed per pass Roughing, mm (in.) 0.030 (0.0012) Finishing, mm (in.) 0.020 (0.0008) Axial feed Roughing, mm
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Book Chapter
Machining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... Abstract This chapter covers the practical aspects of machining, particularly for turning, milling, drilling, and grinding operations. It begins with a discussion on machinability and its impact on quality and cost. It then describes the dimensional and surface finish tolerances that can...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practical aspects of machining, particularly for turning, milling, drilling, and grinding operations. It begins with a discussion on machinability and its impact on quality and cost. It then describes the dimensional and surface finish tolerances that can be achieved through conventional machining methods, the mechanics of chip formation, the factors that affect tool wear, the selection and use of cutting fluids, and the determination of machining parameters based on force and power requirements. It also includes information on nontraditional machining processes such as electrical discharge, abrasive jet, and hydrodynamic machining, laser and electron beam machining, ultrasonic impact grinding, and electrical discharge wire cutting.
Book Chapter
Metallography of Beryllium and Beryllium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... and the mounted specimen in the other hand. While the grinding is being done, several drops of kerosene are applied every few seconds close to the center of the disc. Light oils and water are not satisfactory for the finer grinding operations. Wet rough grinding holds and carries away dust generated during...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to safely prepare beryllium alloy samples for metallographic analysis. It describes grinding, polishing, and etching procedures in detail. It also discusses the identification of major and minor constituents and the general appearance of beryllium microstructure.
Book Chapter
Postcarburizing Mechanical Treatments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... max is ~4 μm. Fig. 8.17 Effect of surface roughness on the surface durability of surface-hardened gears (P max /HB - R max curves). Source: Ref 23 The presence of grinding burns might not have much effect in pure rolling contact situations, because the main stresses are subsurface...
Abstract
Mechanical treatments such as grinding and shot peening are often employed in the production of case-carburized parts. Grinding, besides restoring precision, removes carbide films, internal oxidation, and high-temperature transformation products. Shot peening strengthens component surfaces and induces a stress state that increases fatigue resistance. This chapter describes both processes as well as roller burnishing. It explains how these treatments are applied and how they influence the microstructure, properties, and behaviors of case-hardened components. It also addresses process challenges, particularly in regard to grinding.
Book Chapter
Machining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... high wheel wear and low G -ratios. For rough grinding, however, conditions can be selected to give higher G -ratios. Rough grinding conditions should not produce grinding cracks. Wrought superalloys usually can be handled in a manner to prevent this phenomenon, but the high-strength, cast nickel-base...
Abstract
The qualities that make superalloys excellent engineering materials also make them difficult to machine. This chapter discusses the challenges involved in machining superalloys and the factors that determine machinability. It addresses material removal rates, cutting tool materials, tool life, and practical issues such as set up time, tool changes, and production scheduling. It describes several machining processes, including turning, boring, planing, trepanning, shaping, broaching, drilling, tapping, thread milling, and grinding. It also provides information on toolholders, fixturing, cutting and grinding fluids, and tooling modifications.
Book Chapter
Specimen Preparation for Light Microscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850060
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... Abstract This chapter explains how to prepare metallographic samples for light microscopy and how to anticipate and avoid related problems. It describes standard practices and procedures for sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing and identifies common defects along with their causes...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to prepare metallographic samples for light microscopy and how to anticipate and avoid related problems. It describes standard practices and procedures for sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing and identifies common defects along with their causes and cures. It also provides recommendations for handling specific materials and addresses safety concerns.
Book Chapter
Cross-Sectioning: Mechanical Polishing, Ion Milling, and Focused Ion Beam (FIB)
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... during grinding and rough polishing. The newer dielectric materials are not mechanically strong and will separate under tension, introducing a defect in the sample. Grit Size Grinding papers and films are specified in grit sizes, which refer to the size of the particles on the paper/film. “Grit...
Abstract
Cross-sectioning is a technique used for process development and reverse engineering. This article introduces novice analysts to the methods of cross-sectioning semiconductor devices and provides a refresher for the more experienced analysts. Topics covered include encapsulated (potted) device sectioning techniques, non-encapsulated device techniques, utilization of the focused ion beam (FIB) making a cross-section and/or enhancing a physically polished one. Delineation methods for revealing structures are also discussed. These can be chemical etchants, chemo-mechanical polishing, and ion milling, either in the FIB or in a dedicated ion mill.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... Beryllium is readily machinable. Excellent surface finishes and close tolerances can be obtained with the fine-grained beryllium produced from powders. By contrast, machined surfaces of cast beryllium are typically rough due to the coarse-grained structure of as-cast beryllium. Although beryllium...
Abstract
Beryllium’s machining characteristics are similar to those of heat-treated cast aluminum and chilled cast iron. Like the other materials, it can be turned, milled, drilled, bored, sawed, cut, threaded, tapped, and trepanned with good results. This chapter explains how these machining operations are conducted and describes the effect of tooling materials, cutting speeds, metal-removal rates, and other variables. It also explains how to assess and remove surface damage caused by machining such as microcracks and twins.
Book Chapter
Examination of the Nitrided Case
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... samples and not multisampling. Hardness testing requires a polished, unscratched surface. This necessitates pregrinding. The pregrind involves an initial rough grind using 180-grit silicon carbide paper followed by intermediate pregrinding steps using 320-, 400-, and 500-grit papers. Do not spend too much...
Abstract
Examining and evaluating the nitrided case is generally accomplished by hardness testing and microscopic examination. This chapter discusses both characterization methods, as well as sample preparation. The chapter also discusses the processes involved in the etching of the sample after microhardness testing and provides practices that contribute to the safe preparation of specimens. Examples of nitrided case microstructures, using optical light microscopy, are also presented.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Specimen Preparation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... to remove a metallographic specimen from a larger component. However, the saw-cut surface is very rough, and further preparation by hand grinding is required to remove the roughness and cold work. The hacksaw can be used to remove a portion of material from a larger piece, possibly located in the service...
Abstract
This chapter instructs the metallographer on the basic skills required to prepare a polished metallographic specimen. It is organized in a chronological sequence starting with the information-gathering process on the material being investigated, then moving on to sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing processes, and ending with methods used to properly store metallographic specimens. The discussion covers the preparation procedures, the materials being investigated, and equipment used to perform these procedures.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Technique: Micrography
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... roughness, the factors that contribute to it, and its effect on image quality. It discusses the use of fixturing and holding devices, includes photographic examples of polishing defects and drying marks, and provides an overview of micrographic etchants and the features they reveal. It also describes...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to prepare material samples for optical microscopy, the most common method for characterizing the microstructure of cast iron and steel. It provides information on sectioning, mounting, polishing, etching, and recording. It describes the nature of surface roughness, the factors that contribute to it, and its effect on image quality. It discusses the use of fixturing and holding devices, includes photographic examples of polishing defects and drying marks, and provides an overview of micrographic etchants and the features they reveal. It also describes the steps involved in replicating part surfaces.
Book Chapter
Machining Data
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120313
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... Abstract This appendix provides an extensive amount of data corresponding to titanium machining processes, including sawing, turning, drilling, reaming, tapping, broaching, face milling, end milling, slotting, surface grinding, and thermal cutting. machining data titanium titanium...
Abstract
This appendix provides an extensive amount of data corresponding to titanium machining processes, including sawing, turning, drilling, reaming, tapping, broaching, face milling, end milling, slotting, surface grinding, and thermal cutting.
Book Chapter
Practical Design Guidelines for Surface Engineering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... to the various surface-engineering treatments. Surface finish characteristics of various surface-engineering processes Table 2 Surface finish characteristics of various surface-engineering processes Process As-treated surface finish Normal finishing operation Overlays Very rough Grind...
Abstract
This chapter provides helpful guidelines for selecting a surface treatment for a given application. It identifies important design factors and applicable treatments for common design scenarios, materials, and operating conditions. It explains why heat treatments and finishing operations may be required before or after processing and how to estimate or predict coating thickness, case depth, hardness, and the likelihood of distortion. It also addresses related issues and considerations such as part handling and fixturing, surface preparation and cleaning requirements, processability, aesthetics, and the influence of design features.
Book Chapter
Backside Preparation and Optics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... standards can vary, and if not specified correctly, can result in a no-bid contract for the work, due to the extreme difficulty imposed, or work not completed to customer satisfaction. Figure 30 shows various surface finish types. Grinding steps create a non-flat rough surface while polishing steps...
Abstract
The need for precise targeted interactive surgery on boards or modules is the main driver of backside preparation technology. This article assists the analyst in making decisions on backside thinning and polishing requirements. Thinning of the substrates can be accomplished by flat lapping, laser assisted chemical etch, plasma reactive ion etch, and CNC based milling and polishing. The article discusses the general characteristics, key principles, advantages, and disadvantages of these processes. It also contains case studies that illustrate the application of these processes to ceramic cavity devices, injection molded parts, and ball grid arrays.
Book Chapter
Machining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... and cutting processes. Conventional machining methods include turning, face milling, peripheral end milling, and climb cutting; drilling; tapping; reaming; wheel grinding, belt grinding, abrasive cutting, and hand abrasive grinding; hack sawing; and band sawing. Widely used nontraditional methods include...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that influence the cost and complexity of machining titanium alloys. It explains how titanium compares to other metals in terms of cutting force and power requirements and how these forces, along with cutting speeds and the use of cutting fluids, affect tool life, surface finish, and part tolerances. The chapter also includes a brief review of nontraditional machining methods.
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