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residual strength
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 1 Residual-strength diagram in terms of load (or force). j , design safety factor; g , safety factor based on residual strength. Source: Ref 1
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 3 Key parameters for fracture control. (a) Residual strength in terms of stress. (b) Crack growth and time period when inspection can be performed. Source: Ref 1
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Image
in Fatigue and Fracture of Continuous-Fiber Polymer-Matrix Composites
> Fatigue and Fracture: Understanding the Basics
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 23 S - N curve for T300/5209 carbon/epoxy laminates and residual strength of specimens after fatigue cycling. Source: Ref 13
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Image
in Static and Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Metals
> Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture: An Introduction
Published: 01 August 2005
Image
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 8.19 S-N curve for T300/5209 graphite/epoxy laminates and residual strength of specimens after fatigue cycling. Source: Ref 8.18
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Image
Published: 01 November 2013
Fig. 3 Effect of residual carbon content on compressibility and green strength of water-atomized high-carbon iron. Pressed at 550 MPa (40 tsi) with 1% zinc stearate admixed. Symbols represent experimental data points. Source: Ref 4
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Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 23 Effects of sharp notch and residual stress on fracture strength. T a , crack-arresting temperature; T f , fracture transition temperature. Source: Ref 31
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Image
in Avoidance, Control, and Repair of Fatigue Damage[1]
> Fatigue and Durability of Structural Materials
Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 11.77 Method of improving fatigue strength of welded regions by inducing residual stresses as a result of spot heating. Source: Ref 11.42
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Image
Published: 01 October 2012
Image
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 8.35 Comparison of residual compression strength after impact for AS4/PEEK (APC-2) versus AS6/2220-3 graphite/epoxy panels. Source: Ref 8.40
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of the load ( P ) the structure can carry before fracture occurs (fracture load). Supposing that a new structure has no significant defects ( a = 0), then the strength of the structure is the design strength ( P u ). Fig. 1 Residual-strength diagram in terms of load (or force). j , design safety...
Abstract
Fracture control can be defined as a concerted effort to maintain operating safety without catastrophic failure by fracture. It requires an understanding of how cracks affect structural integrity and strength and the time that a crack can grow before it exceeds permissible size. The chapter describes some of methods used to determine maximum permissible crack size and predict growth rates. It explains how the information can then be used to control fractures through periodic inspection, fail-safe features, mandated retirement, and proof testing. It presents a number of fracture control plans optimized for different circumstances, examines the damage tolerance requirements used by different industries, and discusses various approaches for fatigue design.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540319
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... loading can lead to delamination, the primary failure mode of most composites, and describes some of the methods that have been developed to improve delamination resistance, assess damage tolerance, determine residual strength, and predict failure modes. composite laminate damage tolerance...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the failure mechanisms associated with fiber-reinforced composites. It begins with a review of fiber-matrix systems and the stress-strain response of unidirectional lamina and both notched and unnotched composite laminate specimens. It then explains how cyclic loading can lead to delamination, the primary failure mode of most composites, and describes some of the methods that have been developed to improve delamination resistance, assess damage tolerance, determine residual strength, and predict failure modes.
Image
Published: 30 April 2020
Fig. 7.22 Data on strength evolution during heating for alumina powder injection molded with three binders, showing the backbone polymers. Although the changes are significantly different, by the end of the burnout cycle the residual strength is fairly similar, independent of the binder.
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... . The fatigue strength of the composite is much higher relative to its static or residual strength. The static or residual-strength requirement for structures is typically much higher than the fatigue requirement. Therefore, because the fatigue threshold of composites is a high percentage of their static...
Abstract
Unlike metals, in which fatigue failures are due to a single crack that grows to a critical length, the effects of fatigue in composites are much more distributed and varied. As the chapter explains, there are five major damage mechanisms that contribute to the progression of composite fatigue, those being matrix cracking, fiber breaking, crack coupling, delamination initiation, and delamination growth. The chapter describes each mechanism in detail along with related factors. It also discusses the primary differences between composites and metals, the effect of manufacturing defects, damage tolerance, and testing and certification.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... fracture toughness linear elastic fracture mechanics residual strength FRACTURE TOUGHNESS was introduced in Chapter 2 as the quality of a material that provides a means to measure the residual strength of a cracked body. Determination of residual strength (as opposed to the static strength...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various types of material fracture toughness and the methods by which they are determined. It begins with a review of the basic principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, covering the Griffith-Irwin theory of fracture, the concept of strain energy release rate, the use of fracture indices and failure criteria, and the ramifications of crack-tip plasticity in ductile and brittle fractures. It goes on to describe the different types of plain-strain and plane-stress fracture toughness, explaining how they are measured and how they are influenced by metallurgical and environmental variables and loading conditions. It also examines the crack growth resistance curves of several aluminum alloys and describes the characteristics of fracture when all or some of the applied load is in the plane of the crack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... 11.81 Fig. 11.77 Method of improving fatigue strength of welded regions by inducing residual stresses as a result of spot heating. Source: Ref 11.42 Fig. 11.78 Effect of spot heating on fatigue of simulated weld. Source: Ref 11.42 Fig. 11.76 Fatigue curves for notched...
Abstract
This chapter is largely a compendium of best practices and procedures for minimizing the effects of fatigue. It explains how to make products more resistant to fatigue by choosing the right materials and manufacturing processes, avoiding geometries and features that concentrate strains, preventing or removing surface damage, and by inducing compressive mean stresses that prolong fatigue life. It also discusses the use of property conditioning and restoration treatments, the benefits of interference fits and processes such as coaxing, the effects of assembly damage and operating overload, the importance of surface cleanliness and finish, and the role of inspection, testing, replacement, and repair in safe-life and fail-safe designs. Examples highlighting the benefits and potential pitfalls of proof loading tests are included as well.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... types of stress gradients and two different types of strength gradients, discussion of one vital factor was omitted for simplicity. As pointed out previously, residual stresses are just as important as the applied stresses discussed previously and can modify the location of fracture origin. Residual...
Abstract
The relationship of stress and strength gradients must be considered simultaneously in analysis of a particular type of fracture. This chapter discusses the principal elastic stress distribution in members of various shapes under different types of pure loads. A basic understanding of both the stress and strength gradients of metal parts with and without stress concentrations and under different types of loading is provided. The chapter also describes the effect of service conditions on applied stresses.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540431
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
.... the material ultimate strength and the original fatigue strength. See endurance limit. uncracked cross-sectional area. Compare with fatigue striations. Parallel lines frequently ob- residual strength. served in electron fractographs or fatigue- fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to fracture stress...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... on core properties including hardenability, microstructure, tensile and yield strength, ductility, toughness, and fatigue resistance. It likewise explains how carbon affects case hardenability, surface hardness, and case toughness and how case depth influences residual stresses and bending and contact...
Abstract
The design of case-hardened components is an iterative process, requiring the consideration of multiple interrelated factors. This chapter walks readers through the steps involved in selecting an appropriate material and assessing the influence of alloy composition and cooling rate on core properties including hardenability, microstructure, tensile and yield strength, ductility, toughness, and fatigue resistance. It likewise explains how carbon affects case hardenability, surface hardness, and case toughness and how case depth influences residual stresses and bending and contact fatigue. It also discusses the effect of quenching methods and addresses the issue of distortion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... and the lowest level of residual stresses. The annealed condition is also characterized by low strength levels, softness, and correspondingly poor machinability. Typical annealing practices are for relatively short (2 to 4 h) exposures at a minimum temperature of 650 °F (340 °C). Higher-temperature practices...
Abstract
The metallurgy of aluminum and its alloys offers a range of opportunities for employing heat treatments to obtain desirable combinations of mechanical and physical properties such that castings meet defined temper requirements. This chapter discusses the processes involved in solution heat treatment, quenching, precipitation hardening, and annealing of aluminum alloys. The effects of these processes on dimensional stability and residual stresses are also discussed. Troubleshooting and diagnosis of heat treating problems are covered in the concluding section of the chapter.