This chapter describes the heat treatments called annealing and normalizing for steels and examines the structures formed and the reasons for these treatments. It also provides a description of the special heat treatments, namely, martempering and austempering. Information on intercritical heat treatment is also included.

This appendix contains a table that correlates magnification values with true distance per centimeter as observed in light photomicrographs.

Structural steels are used for components such as I-beams and automobile frames. This chapter focuses on processing these steels to attain a fine primary ferrite grain size to develop high strength. It first reviews the concepts and principles of recrystallization in plastically deformed metals. The chapter reviews the concepts of annealing of cold worked metals. It then looks at hot working and the grain size associated with it. Additionally, the chapter reviews the methods of strengthening in the steels that rely mainly on reduction in the primary ferrite grain size. It discusses basic methods used to develop a small austenite grain size, and hence a small primary ferrite grain size. Then, the chapter covers the processes involved in the precipitation hardening of the ferrite. Finally, it examines some commercial thermomechanical processes used on structural steels, namely hot deformation and controlled cooling.

This appendix is a list of abbreviations for common SI units.

This chapter examines the cooling of steels from the austenite region. It describes the processes of determining the severity of quench. The chapter examines the methods to estimate the quench required if the size and shape of the part are known and the required cooling rate is known. The cooling rate correlation is used to calculate the hardness distribution across the diameter of cylinders. The calculations are used to illustrate the sensitivity of the hardness distribution to the severity of quench and the hardenability. The chapter discusses the methods of determining cooling rates in quenched steel components. It describes the formation of residual stresses in materials in which no phase change occurs on cooling. The chapter also examines the effect on the residual stresses of the phase changes in austenite. It provides information on two types of quench cracks in quenched steels, namely, microcracking and gross cracking during quenching.

This appendix is a compilation of trademarked materials used in high-temperature corrosion applications and the associated producers or suppliers.

This appendix contains a list of Greek letters used in materials science and engineering and what they represent.

This appendix provides a list of unit conversions and defines several constants along with their symbol and unit value.

Austenitization is the heat treatment of steel in the austenite region, and it is conducted for two reasons. One is to obtain austenite as a necessary precursor for heat treatment, and this is the main emphasis of this chapter. The other is to chemically homogenize steel, so that concentration gradients formed during solidification upon casting are minimized; this is briefly described in this chapter. Austenitization topics covered in this chapter are dendritic segregation in steels, austenitization to remove coring, ingot segregation, grain growth behavior, formation of austenite, austenite grain size, heating in the austenite region, and practical austenitizing temperatures.

Beryllium is the 44th most abundant element on Earth, with an estimated concentration of six parts per million in the Earth’s crust. It is found in various forms in more than 100 minerals, two of which, beryl and bertrandite, account for most of the beryllium produced throughout the world. This chapter describes where and how beryllium is obtained and provides facts, figures, and insights on global supply and demand.

This appendix lists copper-containing macroetchants that are used on iron and steel.

This appendix lists etch compositions and procedures that reveal strain patterns in aluminum and nickel-base superalloys.

This chapter presents abbreviations and symbols used for soldering.

The crux of this chapter is to develop a method to quantitatively define hardenability. The chapter includes the empirical methods to estimate the hardenability knowing the chemical composition, describes prior austenite grain size, and examines their utility. It then reviews the Jominy end-quench test and explains its relation to hardenability. The chapter outlines the concepts of the critical diameter and the ideal critical diameter, leading to establishing a quantitative measure of hardenability. Next, it examines methods that have been developed which allow estimation of the ideal critical diameter from the chemical composition and the austenite grain size. The chapter reviews the methods which allow calculation of the Jominy curve from a value of the ideal critical diameter. Additionally, it describes the selection and application of H-band steels. Finally, the chapter describes the effect of boron on the hardenability of steels.

This appendix contains a table listing density, thermal conductivity, linear expansion, electrical resistivity, and Young's modulus of various materials.

This appendix provides a list of universal constants, units, and conversion factors.

During a routine preflight inspection of a piston aircraft engine, part of a cooling fin was found that had broken off the cylinder. The piece, made of aluminum-silicon alloy, was cleaned and examined. Based on the fracture characteristics revealed by an electron microscope, it was concluded that the fin failed in a brittle manner by overload.