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regression
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in Cold Spray Applications in the Automotive Industry
> High Pressure Cold Spray: Principles and Applications
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 8.11 Evolution of corrosion rate (in millimeters per year, or mmpy) as a function (linear regression) of accelerated salt fog corrosion test environment. Source: Ref 8.46
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in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.49 CCT curve for a steel indicating the critical cooling rates for which empirical statistical regressions with the chemical composition are made. V = cooling rate, F = ferrite, B = bainite, P = pearlite, M = martensite. See also Ref 3 and 27 .
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 49 (a) Example of an indentation curve with ten cycles of increasing test forces. From the indentation curve generated by means of spherical indenters, ten pairs of representative strain and stress are calculated. A linear regression of the double logarithmic representation (b
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... 0.42 778 699 840 Equations of regression for the investigated technological versions Table 2 Equations of regression for the investigated technological versions Tempering temperature, °C Nitriding time, h Regression equations 620 4 σ –1 = –141.2lgN+1567.9 16 σ –1...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the various factors influencing the evaluation of fatigue fracture of nitrided layers. It begins by describing the problems of enhancing the fatigue resistance of machine components. The significance and detailed assessment of the effect of a structural flaw are then explained, using investigations of the effect of variable core conditions on fatigue resistance as an example. This is followed by a discussion on the processes involved in the evaluation of fatigue properties of nitrided steels. The chapter also describes the determination of the fatigue characteristics of nitrided steels after the carbonitriding treatment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... by means of spherical indenters, ten pairs of representative strain and stress are calculated. A linear regression of the double logarithmic representation (b) is required for further analysis. Fig. 48 Effect of different sources on the combined measurement uncertainty of material parameters...
Abstract
Instrumented indentation hardness testing significantly expands on the capabilities of traditional hardness testing. It employs high-resolution instrumentation to continuously control and monitor the loads and displacements of an indenter as it is driven into and withdrawn from a material. The scope of application comprises displacements even smaller than 200 nm (nano range) and forces even up to 30 kN . Mechanical properties are derived from the indentation load-displacement data obtained in simple tests. The chapter presents the elements of contact mechanics that are important for the application of the instrumented indentation test. The test method according to the international standard (ISO 14577) is discussed, and this information is supplemented by information about the testing technique and some example applications. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the extensions of the standard that are expected in the future (estimation of the measurement uncertainty and procedures for the determination of true stress-strain curves).
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... diameters varied between 0.73 and 0.65 mm (0.029 and 0.026 in.). The following regression analysis is based on the measurement results Δ H = f( d ). By means of the regression analysis of the gradients ∂H/∂d thus obtained, the following function was determined: (Eq 26) ∂ H ∂ d...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the tests and procedures used for measuring hardness of plastics and elastomers. The conventional testing methods (Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and Knoop) used for testing of metals are based on the idea that hardness represents the resistance against permanent plastic deformation of the material to be tested. However, elastic deformation must be considered in hardness measurement of elastomers. This chapter discusses the equipment and processes involved in the durometer (Shore) test, the International Rubber Hardness Degree test, and other specialized tests. It presents the criteria that can be used to select a suitable hardness testing method for elastomers or plastics and describes processes involved in specimen preparation and equipment calibration.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
...-105D The following are statistical methods used in the manufacturing process ( Ref 12 , 13 ): Test of significance Statistical co-relations and regression Analysis of variance and so on Basis of the Statistical Control Chart How the Control Chart Works A typical control...
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to statistical process control and the concept of total quality management. It begins with a review of quality improvement efforts in the extrusion industry and the considerations involved in developing sampling plans and interpreting control charts. It then lays out the steps that would be followed in order to implement statistical testing for billet casting, die performance, or any other process or variable that impacts extrusion quality. The chapter concludes with an overview of the fundamentals of total quality management.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.9781627083461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... Thermal analysis schematic The liquidus temperature (Tl in °C) is expressed by the following equation derived by multiple regression analysis: Tl = 1623.60 – 112.36 ( CEL ) or (Eq 14.2) Tl = 1623.60 – 112.36 ( % C + % Si / 4 + % P / 2...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of key elements in controlling the casting process, systems to confirm the quality of outgoing components, and the steps needed to launch a novel product. The discussion also provides information on process control tools and techniques; incoming material control; process control of sand preparation and system maintenance; metallic charge materials; product quality control; and melting, metallurgical, and mechanical testing.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... displays the compound trace and a suggested material comparison trace. The FTIR technology uses a detector that captures infrared energy from the specimen as it is being bombarded with photons. A processor with regression software correlates the captured infrared energy to vibration levels...
Abstract
After the fault-tree, a failure-cause identification method has identified potential failure causes and the failure analysis team has prepared a failure mode assessment and assignment (FMA&A). The team knows specifically what to search for when examining components and subassemblies from the failed system. There are numerous techniques and technologies available for examining and analyzing components and subassemblies, which are categorized as follows: optical approaches, dimensional inspection and related approaches, nondestructive test approaches, mechanical and environmental approaches, and chemical and composition analysis for assessing material characteristics. This chapter is a detailed account of the working principle and the steps involved in these techniques and technologies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts empirical approaches for partitioning hysteresis loops and predicting creep-fatigue life. The first part of the chapter presents experimental partitioning methods, explaining how they can be used to partition any loading cycle into its basic strain-range components. The methods covered include rapid cycling between peak stress extremes, half-cycle rapid loading and unloading, and variations of the incremental step-stress approach. The methods are then compared based on their ability to predict creep-fatigue life. The chapter goes on from there to describe how fatigue life can be estimated from ductility measurements when cyclic data are unavailable or are likely to change. It also explains how cyclic life is influenced by the time-dependent nature of creep-plasticity and the physical and metallurgical effects of environmental exposure.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... otherwise usually trigger galvanic corrosion. Fig. 8.11 Evolution of corrosion rate (in millimeters per year, or mmpy) as a function (linear regression) of accelerated salt fog corrosion test environment. Source: Ref 8.46 Ducos et al. studied zinc deposition on iron substrates to produce...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the application of high-pressure cold spray to the automotive industry field, with special attention to three applications: additive manufacturing, fabrication methods, and protective coatings. Various studies on the automotive application of cold spray are reviewed. The background and purpose of each application are presented and practical cases are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
...-speed steels to fall back to using carbon steels, a regression of 50 years in technology. After the war, a major research effort in high-speed steels was to substitute molybdenum (the sister metal for tungsten) in the T-1 alloy of Mathews. Work was done at Watertown Arsenal in Massachusetts during...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of the development of tool steel technology. It begins with a record of steelmaking in ancient and medieval times. The crucible melting process involved in making steel is then discussed. This is followed by a description of the increasing use of alloys for tool steels. The chapter provides information on the research investigations into the metallurgy of high-speed tool steels at MIT, Union Carbide, and Carbon Laboratories. The major research effort involved in substituting molybdenum for tungsten in high-speed tool steels is discussed. The chapter also describes the role of the Cleveland Twist Drill Company as the first adopter of molybdenum high-speed steel. It ends with a discussion on the advanced work on high-speed steels by Swedish researchers.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... 0.6 1.1 76.3 137.3 0.6 1.1 The correlation of cracking susceptibility with melting temperature range is shown in Fig. 3 . Linear regression analysis performed on the data set resulted in the following functional relationship: (Eq 6) MCL = 0.00087 ( Δ T ) − 0.015...
Abstract
The formation of defects in materials that have been fusion welded is a major concern in the design of welded assemblies. This article describes four types of defects that, in particular, have been the focus of much attention because of the magnitude of their impact on product quality. Colloquially, these four defect types are known as hot cracks, heat-affected zone microfissures, cold cracks, and lamellar tearing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpktmse.t56010019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-384-3
..., mm 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 5000 10,000 Load, N 15,000 Raw data Regression line 20,000 Appendix Materials Testing for Mechanical Properties Problems and Solutions m ¼ 0:0001676 mm=N ¼ 0:0000001676 m=N m ¼ 1 þ lo K AoE ! 0:0000001676 ¼ 1 K þ ð0:1016ÞÀ ð0:003175Þð0:0127Þ 69 Â 109Á 0:0000001676 ¼ 1 þ 0...
Abstract
This appendix provides readers with worked solutions to 25 problems involving calculations associated with tensile testing and the determination of mechanical properties and variables. The problems deal with engineering factors and considerations such as stress and strain, loading force, sample lengthening, and machine stiffness, and with mechanical properties and parameters such as elastic modulus, Young’s modulus, strength coefficient, strain-hardening exponent, and modulus of resilience. They also cover a wide range of materials including various grades of aluminum and steel as well as iron, titanium, brass, and copper alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
...) –530 7 62 32 93 7 alloys, x-ray, literature data-regression analysis. Rhodes, Thompson (1977) 12 6 14 177 –47 Modified Schramm-Reed approach Brofman, Ansell (1978) 167 9 21 260 a Numbers in table represent K/wt.%. b Numbers in table represent...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates on very low-temperature martensitic transformations, which are of great concern for cryogenic applications and research. The principal transformation characteristics are reviewed and then elaborated. The material classes or alloy systems that exhibit martensitic transformations at very low temperatures are discussed. In particular, the martensitic transformations and their effects in austenitic stainless steels, iron-nickel alloys, practical superconductors, alkali metals, solidified gases, and polymers are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... on the critical temperatures have been developed by regression analysis of large amounts of experimental data. For example ( Ref 3.19 ), the following formulas for Ac 3 and Ac 1 in degrees Celsius have been developed: (Eq. 3.3) Ac 3 = 910 − 203 C − 15.2 Ni + 44 .7Si + 104V...
Abstract
This chapter describes the iron-carbon phase diagram, its modification by alloying elements, and the effect of carbon on the chemistry and crystallography of austenite, ferrite, and cementite found in Fe-C alloys and steels. It also lays the groundwork for understanding important metallurgical concepts, including solubility, critical temperature, dislocation defects, slip, and diffusion, and how they affect the microstructure, properties, and behaviors of steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
Abstract
This chapter presents a fracture-mechanics-based approach to damage tolerance, accounting for mechanical, metallurgical, and environmental factors that drive crack development and growth. It begins with a review of stress-intensity factors corresponding to a wide range of crack geometries, specimen configurations, and loading conditions. The discussion covers two- and three-dimensional cracks as well as the use of correction factors and problem-simplification techniques for dealing with nonstandard configurations. The chapter goes on to describe how fatigue loading affects crack growth rates in each of the three stages of progression. Using images, diagrams, and data plots, it reveals how cracks advance in step with successive stress cycles and explains how fatigue crack growth rates can be determined by examining striations on fracture specimens and correlating their widths with stress profiles. It also describes how material-related factors, load history, corrosion, and temperature affect crack growth rates, and discusses the steps involved in life assessment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... can then be determined from a table or graph. The accuracy of the n value determined in this way is ±0.02. The n value can be determined more accurately by linear regression analysis, as in ASTM E 646, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Strain-Hardening Exponents ( n -Values) of Metallic Sheet...
Abstract
Sheet metal forming operations consist of a large family of processes, ranging from simple bending to stamping and deep drawing of complex shapes. Because sheet forming operations are so diverse in type, extent, and rate, no single test provides an accurate indication of the formability of a material in all situations. However, as discussed in this chapter, the uniaxial tensile test is one of the most widely used tests for determining sheet metal formability. This chapter describes the effect of material properties and temperature on sheet metal formability. Information on the types of formability tests is also provided. The chapter discusses the processes involved in uniaxial and plane-strain tensile testing. Examples include the uniaxial tensile test and the plane-strain tensile test which are subsequently described.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
... that provides improved packing, improve compressibility at the expense of green strength. This relationship is illustrated in Fig. 3.7 which is based on regression analysis data of 316L powders. Fig. 3.7 Effect of apparent density on green strength and compressibility of 316L stainless steel powders...
Abstract
Stainless steel powders are usually made by water or gas atomization. This chapter describes both processes and the properties and characteristics of the powders they produce. It also discusses secondary processes, including drying, screening, annealing, and lubricating, and the effects of iron contamination on corrosion resistance.