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refrigeration
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Image
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 7.25 Changes of retained austenite content and hardness due to refrigeration (–196 and –80 °C) and tempering (150 °C). (a) Effect of refrigeration and tempering on retained austenite content. (b) Individual effects of tempering and refrigeration on surface hardness. (c) Effect
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Image
Published: 01 December 1995
Fig. 2-148 High speed impeller for refrigeration equipment which operates at 12,500 rpm
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... Abstract This chapter familiarizes readers with tempering and refrigeration treatments and their effect on case-carburized parts. It explains how tempering makes such parts easier to machine, more structurally and dimensionally stable, and more durable in certain applications. It identifies key...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with tempering and refrigeration treatments and their effect on case-carburized parts. It explains how tempering makes such parts easier to machine, more structurally and dimensionally stable, and more durable in certain applications. It identifies key process parameters and provides test data showing how they affect hardness, yield strength, bending and contact fatigue, and fracture toughness. It also addresses potential problems stemming from process-related factors such as the presence of hydrogen and the effects of aging and grinding. In regard to refrigeration, the chapter explains that it is not uncommon for subzero treatments to be included in the production of carburized parts whether as a standard procedure or optional step. Subzero cooling promotes the transformation of retained austenite to martensite, thereby increasing surface hardness and reducing the propensity of quenched carburized steels to burn and crack during surface grinding. The chapter includes numerous data plots and tables showing how the various treatments influence hardness, wear resistance, tensile properties, and fatigue and fracture behaviors.
Image
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 23.29 Microstructure of 17-7 PH. (a) Surface tilting caused by martensite formation on refrigeration to −73 °C (−100 °F). (b) Refrigerated and aged at 480 °C (896 °F). Electropolished and etched in chromeacetic acid electrolyte. Light micrographs. Source: Ref 23.51
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Image
in Metallographic Technique: Macrography
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 4.8 False indications (artifacts) in a macrograph. Dark and light bands are the result of local hardening due to excessive heating during the sample preparation with a cut-off wheel. Either excessive pressure or insufficient refrigeration was used. Etchant: iodine reagent.
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Image
Published: 01 September 2005
) into 170 °C (340 °F) oil; other steels were cooled from 925 °C to 840 °C (1700 to 1550 °F) before quenching into 65 °C (150 °F) oil. Data are also shown for 9310 steel that was refrigerated after quenching and before tempering. Source: Ref 63
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Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
...: Epoxies can be delivered in either a premixed, refrigerated configuration or in a two-part, unrefrigerated condition. Premixed epoxies must be kept at the proper temperature before use. (If the epoxy is not kept refrigerated, it will partially or completely cure prior to application.) Epoxies that require...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... such as: Automotive Household appliances (washers, dryers, dishwashers, mowers, cookware) Refrigeration and air conditioning (food industry, dairy products) Railroad Transportation (freight trucks, commuter trains) Commercial and military aircraft structures (door panels, stowing and seat brackets...
Abstract
Casting is one of the most economical manufacturing processes for providing shape to components of machinery and is used in a wide range of industries. This chapter is a brief account of the advantages, applications, limitations, and market growth of aluminum casting. It also provides information on the process of conversion of steel and iron parts to aluminum.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... Austenite Stabilization Retained austenite can become stable. If a part with a high-carbon surface layer is quenched into a refrigerant (i.e., it is cooled straight through the M s to M f range), virtually all the austenite will be transformed to martensite. Conversely, if a part is quenched to about...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of retained austenite in quenched carburized steels. It explains why retained austenite can be expected at the surface of case-hardened components, how to estimate the amount that will be present, and how to effectively stabilize or otherwise control it. It presents detailed images and data plots showing how retained austenite appears and how it influences hardness, tensile properties, residual stresses, fatigue and fracture behaviors, and wear resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
...-room-temperature environments are obtained with three basic chamber designs: a conventional refrigeration chamber; a thermally insulated box-container, or a cryostat designed for cryogenic temperatures with vacuum insulation; and thermal radiation shielding. Conventional refrigeration covers...
Abstract
This chapter details low-temperature test procedures and equipment. It discusses the role temperature plays in the properties of typical engineering materials. The effect that lowering the temperature of a solid has on the mechanical properties of a material is summarized for three principal groups of engineering materials: metals, ceramics, and polymers (including fiber-reinforced polymers). The chapter describes the factors that influence the selection of tensile testing procedures for low-temperature evaluation, along with a comparison of tensile and compression tests. It covers the parameters and standards related to low-temperature tensile testing. The chapter discusses the factors involved in controlling test temperature. Finally, the chapter discusses the safety issues concerning the use of cooled methanol, liquid-nitrogen, and liquid helium.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... by refrigeration or high-temperature tempering as the retained austenite transformed to martensitic or bainitic microstructures during those treatments. Fig. 11-5 Retained austenite as a function of austenitizing temperature for air-cooled A6 tool steel and A2 steel cooled in different media. Source: Ref 5...
Abstract
The air-hardening cold-work tool steels, designated as group A steels in the AISI classification system, achieve their processing and performance characteristics with combinations of high carbon and moderately high alloy content. This chapter describes the microstructural features and hardenability of air-hardening cold-work tool steels and discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of tool steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900181
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... ( Ref 3 ). Refrigeration to –196 °C (–321 °F) effectively reduces, but does not entirely eliminate, retained austenite. Also, air cooling of the O1 tool steel through the martensite formation range results in greater amounts of retained austenite due to stabilization. Retained austenite in O1 and O7...
Abstract
The oil-hardening cold-work tool steels, designated as group O steels in the AISI classification system, derive their high hardness and wear resistance from high carbon and modest alloy contents. This chapter describes the microstructures and hardenability of oil-hardening tool steels and discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of tool steels. It also covers the selection criteria and applications of oil-hardening cold-work tool steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... perform well for years if stored in a refrigerator. Curing Cycle Recommended cycle for FM 1000 firm: Heat assembled samples in the oven to 340 ± 10 °F (170 ± 6 °C), then cure for 90 min ± 10 min at the temperatures at bond line of 340 ± 10 °F (170 ± 6 °C). Curing conditions may vary based...
Abstract
This article addresses critical aspects in bond testing of thermal spray coatings and provides step-by-step guidance for obtaining representative and reproducible test results based on ASTM C633 and other applicable industry standards. It clarifies details of ASTM C633 requirements and provides examples of the best practice confirmed by hundreds of tests performed worldwide, adopted by numerous industrial standards, and requested to comply with international technical standardization and certification organizations such ISO, AS, SAE, and Nadcap.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... be stored according to the manufacturer’s recommended procedures (often refrigerated). Once mixed or removed from the freezer, they must be assembled and cured within a specified time. Adhesives are susceptible to environmental degradation. Most will absorb moisture and exhibit reduced strength...
Abstract
Adhesive bonding is a widely used industrial joining process in which a polymeric material is used to join two separate pieces (the adherends or substrates). This chapter begins with a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of adhesive bonding, followed by a section providing information on the theory of adhesion. The chapter then describes the considerations for designing adhesively bonded joints and for testing or characterizing adhesive materials. The following section covers the characteristics of the most important synthetic adhesive systems and five groups of adhesives, namely structural, hot melt, pressure sensitive, water based, and ultraviolet and electron beam cured. The chapter ends with a discussion on some general guidelines for adhesive bonding and the basic steps in the adhesive bonding process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... is critical for aseptic packages , which can store perishable products without the need for refrigeration. The aseptic package was pioneered in the early 1950s by Ruben Rausing , the founder of TetraPak . Rausing had recognized the need for prepackaged goods stocked in self-service stores during a visit...
Abstract
This chapter describes how aluminum sheet and foil alloys are processed to produce functional, economical packages that meet the various industry performance criteria. The focus is on the key customer requirements for three main application segments: foil, cans, and impact extrusions. A huge range of products in this industry segment is also illustrated. The need for sustainable production and recyclability is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... rolling, stretching, or combinations of these operations. Since the 7 xxx alloys do not respond favorably to cold working before aging, the T8 temper is not used for this series of alloys. Natural aging can often be suppressed by refrigeration for several days at −18 °C (0 °F) or lower. Thus...
Abstract
Precipitation hardening is used extensively to strengthen aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, beryllium-copper alloys, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This chapter discusses two types of particle strengthening: precipitation hardening, which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
..., a preferred mill finish can be created with a 7 μin. surface. Bright, specular finishes are almost mirror like with a 0–1 μin. roughness. For kitchen and other household appliances, aluminum has niche applications based on the specific needs of the product. For instance, most refrigerators have internal...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... irons can be transformed to martensite by refrigerating the castings at –55 to –75 °C (–70 to –100 °F) or by using special tempering treatments. One of the Ni-Hard family of commercial alloy white irons (type 4 Ni-Hard) contains 1.0 to 2.2% Si, 5 to 7% Ni, and 7 to 11% Cr. In the as-cast condition...
Abstract
This article discusses the production, properties, and uses of high-alloy white irons. It explains how the composition and melt are controlled to produce a large volume of eutectic carbides, making these irons particularly hard and resistant to wear, and how the metallic matrix supporting the carbide phase can be adjusted via alloy content and heat treatment to optimize the balance between abrasion resistance and impact toughness. It also describes the effect of alloying elements and inoculants on various properties and behaviors and provides information on commercial alloy grades and applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... austenite content at the surface; the other half is refrigerated to transform much of the surface retained austenite. This is a common method of arriving at two retained austenite levels, but what exactly is being studied? Is it the effect of retained austenite, or is it the effect of subzero treatment...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief but practical overview of the case carburizing process. It discusses the benefits and challenges of the process and compares and contrasts it with other hardening methods. It explains how design allowables and safety factors compensate for unknowns and familiarizes readers with the steps involved in determining case depth and verifying that case carbon requirements have been met.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
Abstract
Stainless steels derive their name from their exceptional corrosion resistance, which is attributed to their finely tuned compositions. This chapter discusses the alloying elements used in stainless steels and the some of the processing challenges they present. One of the biggest challenges is that stainless steels cannot be hardened by heat treatment. As a result, they are highly sensitive to processing-induced defects and the formation of detrimental phases. The chapter explains how alloy design, phase equilibria, microstructure, and thermomechanical processing can be concurrently optimized to produce high-quality austenitic, ferritic, and duplex stainless steels.
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