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refrigeration

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Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 7.25 Changes of retained austenite content and hardness due to refrigeration (–196 and –80 °C) and tempering (150 °C). (a) Effect of refrigeration and tempering on retained austenite content. (b) Individual effects of tempering and refrigeration on surface hardness. (c) Effect More
Image
Published: 01 December 1995
Fig. 2-148 High speed impeller for refrigeration equipment which operates at 12,500 rpm More
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... Abstract This chapter familiarizes readers with tempering and refrigeration treatments and their effect on case-carburized parts. It explains how tempering makes such parts easier to machine, more structurally and dimensionally stable, and more durable in certain applications. It identifies key...
Image
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 23.29 Microstructure of 17-7 PH. (a) Surface tilting caused by martensite formation on refrigeration to −73 °C (−100 °F). (b) Refrigerated and aged at 480 °C (896 °F). Electropolished and etched in chromeacetic acid electrolyte. Light micrographs. Source: Ref 23.51 More
Image
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 4.8 False indications (artifacts) in a macrograph. Dark and light bands are the result of local hardening due to excessive heating during the sample preparation with a cut-off wheel. Either excessive pressure or insufficient refrigeration was used. Etchant: iodine reagent. More
Image
Published: 01 September 2005
) into 170 °C (340 °F) oil; other steels were cooled from 925 °C to 840 °C (1700 to 1550 °F) before quenching into 65 °C (150 °F) oil. Data are also shown for 9310 steel that was refrigerated after quenching and before tempering. Source: Ref 63 More
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
...: Epoxies can be delivered in either a premixed, refrigerated configuration or in a two-part, unrefrigerated condition. Premixed epoxies must be kept at the proper temperature before use. (If the epoxy is not kept refrigerated, it will partially or completely cure prior to application.) Epoxies that require...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... such as: Automotive Household appliances (washers, dryers, dishwashers, mowers, cookware) Refrigeration and air conditioning (food industry, dairy products) Railroad Transportation (freight trucks, commuter trains) Commercial and military aircraft structures (door panels, stowing and seat brackets...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... Austenite Stabilization Retained austenite can become stable. If a part with a high-carbon surface layer is quenched into a refrigerant (i.e., it is cooled straight through the M s to M f range), virtually all the austenite will be transformed to martensite. Conversely, if a part is quenched to about...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
...-room-temperature environments are obtained with three basic chamber designs: a conventional refrigeration chamber; a thermally insulated box-container, or a cryostat designed for cryogenic temperatures with vacuum insulation; and thermal radiation shielding. Conventional refrigeration covers...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... by refrigeration or high-temperature tempering as the retained austenite transformed to martensitic or bainitic microstructures during those treatments. Fig. 11-5 Retained austenite as a function of austenitizing temperature for air-cooled A6 tool steel and A2 steel cooled in different media. Source: Ref 5...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900181
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... ( Ref 3 ). Refrigeration to –196 °C (–321 °F) effectively reduces, but does not entirely eliminate, retained austenite. Also, air cooling of the O1 tool steel through the martensite formation range results in greater amounts of retained austenite due to stabilization. Retained austenite in O1 and O7...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... perform well for years if stored in a refrigerator. Curing Cycle Recommended cycle for FM 1000 firm: Heat assembled samples in the oven to 340 ± 10 °F (170 ± 6 °C), then cure for 90 min ± 10 min at the temperatures at bond line of 340 ± 10 °F (170 ± 6 °C). Curing conditions may vary based...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... be stored according to the manufacturer’s recommended procedures (often refrigerated). Once mixed or removed from the freezer, they must be assembled and cured within a specified time. Adhesives are susceptible to environmental degradation. Most will absorb moisture and exhibit reduced strength...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... is critical for aseptic packages , which can store perishable products without the need for refrigeration. The aseptic package was pioneered in the early 1950s by Ruben Rausing , the founder of TetraPak . Rausing had recognized the need for prepackaged goods stocked in self-service stores during a visit...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... rolling, stretching, or combinations of these operations. Since the 7 xxx alloys do not respond favorably to cold working before aging, the T8 temper is not used for this series of alloys. Natural aging can often be suppressed by refrigeration for several days at −18 °C (0 °F) or lower. Thus...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
..., a preferred mill finish can be created with a 7 μin. surface. Bright, specular finishes are almost mirror like with a 0–1 μin. roughness. For kitchen and other household appliances, aluminum has niche applications based on the specific needs of the product. For instance, most refrigerators have internal...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... irons can be transformed to martensite by refrigerating the castings at –55 to –75 °C (–70 to –100 °F) or by using special tempering treatments. One of the Ni-Hard family of commercial alloy white irons (type 4 Ni-Hard) contains 1.0 to 2.2% Si, 5 to 7% Ni, and 7 to 11% Cr. In the as-cast condition...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... austenite content at the surface; the other half is refrigerated to transform much of the surface retained austenite. This is a common method of arriving at two retained austenite levels, but what exactly is being studied? Is it the effect of retained austenite, or is it the effect of subzero treatment...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5