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Book Chapter
Refractory Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240583
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract The refractory metals include niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium. These metals are considered refractory because of their high melting points, high-temperature mechanical stability, and resistance to softening at elevated temperatures. This article discusses...
Abstract
The refractory metals include niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium. These metals are considered refractory because of their high melting points, high-temperature mechanical stability, and resistance to softening at elevated temperatures. This article discusses the composition, properties, fabrication procedures, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of these refractory metals and their alloys. A comparison of some of the properties of the refractory metals with those of iron, copper, and aluminum is given in a table. The article concludes with a brief section on refractory metal protective coatings.
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Published: 01 June 2008
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Published: 01 June 2008
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Ductile-to-brittle transition for recrystallized refractory metals. Source:...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2008
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Published: 01 June 2008
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Thermogravimetric data for refractory metals, such as, Mo, TZM, Nb, Ta, and...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2007
Fig. 7.39 Thermogravimetric data for refractory metals, such as, Mo, TZM, Nb, Ta, and V in comparison with conventional alloys in a sulfidizing environment with high sulfur and low oxygen potentials tested at 871 °C (1600 °F). Source: Ref 72
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Book Chapter
Refractory Metal Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Abstract This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of common refractory metals, including molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, and rhenium. It provides an overview of each metal and its alloys, describing the compositions, properties, and processing...
Abstract
This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of common refractory metals, including molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, and rhenium. It provides an overview of each metal and its alloys, describing the compositions, properties, and processing characteristics as well as the effect of alloying elements. It also discusses strengthening mechanisms and, where appropriate, corrosion behavior.
Book Chapter
Properties of Refractory Metal Welds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... Abstract This article discusses the weldability and fusion weld properties of refractory metal alloys. The alloys discussed include tantalum, niobium, rhenium, molybdenum, and tungsten. molybdenum niobium rhenium tantalum tungsten weldability THE REFRACTORY METALS, which include...
Abstract
This article discusses the weldability and fusion weld properties of refractory metal alloys. The alloys discussed include tantalum, niobium, rhenium, molybdenum, and tungsten.
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Vapor pressures of several refractory metal oxides exhibiting high vapor pr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2007
Fig. 3.3 Vapor pressures of several refractory metal oxides exhibiting high vapor pressures at temperatures above 1000 °C (1830 °F). Source: Ref 4
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Book Chapter
Nonferrous Metals—A Variety of Possibilities
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
...-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials. light...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals are of commercial interest both as engineering materials and as alloying agents. This chapter addresses both roles, discussing the properties, processing characteristics, and applications of several categories of nonferrous metals, including light metals, corrosion-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials.
Book Chapter
Etchants for Revealing Macrostructure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850509
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... Abstract This appendix provides a list of etch compositions and procedures that reveal the macrostructure of aluminum, beryllium, bismuth, antimony, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, titanium, zinc, and their respective alloys as well as iron, steel, noble metals, refractory metals...
Abstract
This appendix provides a list of etch compositions and procedures that reveal the macrostructure of aluminum, beryllium, bismuth, antimony, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, titanium, zinc, and their respective alloys as well as iron, steel, noble metals, refractory metals, silicon, zirconium, and hafnium.
Book Chapter
Extrusion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... to minimize friction and die wear when extruding steel, aluminum, copper, and refractory metals. bambooing container friction die wash direct extrusion extrusion lubricants extrusion pressure fir-tree effect forward extrusion glass lubrication hot extrusion hydrostatic extrusion indirect...
Abstract
This chapter deals with the mechanics and tribology associated with the extrusion of bars, sections, and tubes. It covers direct and indirect extrusion processes in detail and demonstrates the use of important equations, relationships, and measurements for determining pressure, force, material flow, friction, die wear, heat generation, and lubrication requirements. The chapter also provides information on hydrostatic, friction-assisted, and severe plastic deformation extrusion processes, discusses the cause of instabilities and defects, and explains how to select and apply lubricants to minimize friction and die wear when extruding steel, aluminum, copper, and refractory metals.
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Typical speeds for face milling of selected superalloys versus some steels,...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2002
Fig. 10.1 Typical speeds for face milling of selected superalloys versus some steels, titanium, and refractory metal alloys
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Book Chapter
Electrical Contact Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170596
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... material of silver, copper, or refractory metals and their carbides. The refractory-base and silver-base contacts are used in switching devices operated in air. Copper-base composite contacts are used in vacuum and oil switching devices. Table 5 presents the compositions and properties of various...
Abstract
This article explains how alloying elements affect the properties and behaviors of electrical contacts. It describes the composition, strength, hardness, and conductivity of a wide range of contact alloys and composites based on silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium, tungsten, and molybdenum, and related oxides and carbides.
Book Chapter
Beryllium Intermetallic Compounds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... the larger refractory metal. MBe<sub>5</sub> This compound has the Pearson symbol hP 6, and the binary prototype is CaCu 5 . It has been observed in beryllium metal as an impurity phase but has not been investigated as a single-phase intermetallic. This compound has been found in the scandium...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the properties and applications of beryllium intermetallic compounds. It describes the crystal structure of key beryllides, the metals they contain, and important properties such as high-temperature strength, thermal conductivity and expansion, oxidation resistance, and density. It explains how beryllide intermetallics are formed using sputter deposition, diffusion, and powder metal methods.
Book Chapter
Forming and Shaping
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... powder processing sheet forming Liquid to Solid Processing Metals usually are cast into molds of sand, another refractory material, or another metal. Steel and iron are cast into sand or refractory molds. Gold, silver, and refractory metals are cast into molds of high-temperature ceramics...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes, applications, and limitations of forming and shaping various materials. It discusses bulk forming, hot working, cold working, sheet forming, and polymer and powder processing.
Book Chapter
Compositional Effects
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... Abstract This chapter discusses the typical compositional ranges of superalloys, the role of major base metals (iron, cobalt, and nickel), and the effects of common alloying additions. It describes how chromium, aluminum, and titanium as well as refractory elements, grain-boundary elements...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the typical compositional ranges of superalloys, the role of major base metals (iron, cobalt, and nickel), and the effects of common alloying additions. It describes how chromium, aluminum, and titanium as well as refractory elements, grain-boundary elements, reactive elements, and oxides influence mechanical properties and behaviors. It also discusses the effect of trace elements.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... of composition and processing make the cost of superalloys typically in the range of 30 to 200 times that of plain stainless steel ( Ref 2 ). Although there are a number of other material groups that can be used at high temperatures, such as ceramics and refractory metal alloys, superalloys are unsurpassed...
Abstract
Superalloys, although not strictly defined, are generally regarded as high-performance alloys based on group VIII elements (nickel, cobalt, or iron, with a high percentage of nickel) to which a multiplicity of alloying elements have been added. The defining feature of a superalloy is its combination of relatively high mechanical strength and surface stability at high operating temperatures. This chapter provides a brief history of the development of superalloys and discusses their use in the gas turbine engines.
Book Chapter
Melting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... with the atmosphere, the furnace and ladle refractories, and the molding media. Proper control is necessary to minimize defects such as inclusions, porosity, hot tears, and adhering sand defects. In addition, the final properties and quality of the metal are strongly influenced by the method of melting and pouring...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the types of melting furnaces and refractories for steel casting. It then presents information about arc furnace melting and induction melting cycles. The chapter also describes methods for the removal of phosphorous, the removal of sulfur, and the recovery of elements from slag. It then presents an overview of argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD) refining and types of ladles. The chapter describes chemical analysis that is performed using either optical emission or x-ray spectrographs.
Book Chapter
Practical Aspects of Tool Steel Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... capacity, quenching method, speed, computerization, and so on. In cold-wall furnaces, the electric heating elements are located inside the retort. The heating elements can be made of a refractory metal, such as tungsten, molybdenum, or tantalum or from graphite rods or cloth. Properties...
Abstract
Furnaces for heat treatment of tool steels include ceramic-lined salt bath furnaces, vacuum furnaces, controlled-atmosphere furnaces, and fluidized-bed furnaces. This chapter describes the classification, operating principles, application, advantages, and disadvantages of each type of furnace.
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