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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... Stellite Starting the AOD Business Other Steel-Refining Developments The development of the AOD process led to the development of other types of converters. These were important developments, but none became as successful as AOD. The processes included: The sources of chromium for smelting...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... as an unavoidable part of petroleum refining and petrochemical operations. Partially due to this historical view of corrosion, one of the primary causes of operational problems in refining and petrochemical operations is corrosion. Corrosion problems increase operating and maintenance costs substantially. Time...
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in Processes in Steel Production
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 2.7 Evolution of liquid metal chemical composition during refining in a converter.
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Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 4.21 Cast structure of a round billet (200 mm Ø) after grain-refining treatment
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 5.14 Examples of ladle treatments used to refine molten steels. (a) Bottom stirring. (b) Powder injection. (c) Vacuum oxygen decarburization process. (d) Vacuum arc degassing
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Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 11.26 (Part 2) (e) Weld metal, grain-refined pass. 1% nital. 100×. (f) Weld metal, grain-refined pass. Picral. 1000×. (a) and (h) Weld metal: 0.11C-0.14Si-1.01 Mn (wt%). Butt weld made in seven passes in 14 mm plate. (g) Weld metal, as-deposited pass. 1% nital. 100×. (h) Weld
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Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 8.12 (Part 1) Austenitic grain refinement in a coarse-grained 0.5% C hypoeutectoid steel. Austenitic grain size initially as shown in Fig. 8.8 (Part 2) (e) . 0.50C-0.06Si-0.07Mn (wt%). (a) Austenitized at 950 °C for 1 h, cooled at 300 °C/h, one cycle. 180 HV. Picral. 100×. (b
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Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 8.12 (Part 2) Austenitic grain refinement in a coarse-grained 0.5% C hypoeutectoid steel. Austenitic grain size initially as shown in Fig. 8.8 (Part 2) (e) . 0.50C-0.06Si-0.07Mn (wt%). (a) Austenitized at 950 °C for 1 h, cooled at 300 °C/h, one cycle. 180 HV. Picral. 100×. (b
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in Cast Aluminum-Silicon Alloy—Phase Constituents and Microstructure
> Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys: Atlas of Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2016
Fig. 1.13 Effectiveness of the refinement (i.e., achievement of grains of desired size) as affected by holding time in liquid alloy. 1, Refiner of long incubation time; 2, Refiner of short incubation time and fast-effect atrophy, 3, Refiner of short incubation time and long activity duration
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Published: 01 October 2012
Fig. 3.3 Grain refinement with zirconium. (a) Pure magnesium. (b) Pure magnesium plus zirconium. Source: Ref 3.1
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 8.12 The compound phase related to refinement of solidification structure of Al alloy by inoculation of Ti-B
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in The Effects of Microstructure on Properties
> Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4.4 As-cast Al-7Si ingots showing the effects of grain refinement. (a) No grain refiner. (b) Grain refined. Both etched using Poulton’s etch; both 2×. Courtesy of W.G. Lidman, KB Alloys Inc.
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in The Effects of Microstructure on Properties
> Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4.9 Effect of phosphorus refinement on the microstructure of a hypereutectic Al-22Si-1Ni-1Cu alloy. (a) Unrefined. (b) Phosphorus refined. (c) Refined and fluxed. All 100×
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Published: 01 March 2000
Fig. 9 Effect of grain refiner on grain structure (magnification 1.2×)
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Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 5.2 Refined cruciform specimen (dimensions in mm). Source: Ref 5.1
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Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 3.11 Double reheat quench. A high temperature first reheat quench refines the core, and a lower temperature second reheat quench refines the case.
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in Annealing, Normalizing, Martempering, and Austempering
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 7-16 Microstructures showing the refinement of the primary ferrite grains by normalizing in a 0.5% C steel. (a) Air cooled from hot working range (e.g., 1200°C). (b) Normalized after treatment in (a). (Adapted from same source as Fig. 7-6 )
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in History and Extractive Metallurgy[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 1.24 The Chinuka process refines as well as reduces. Courtesy of D. Fray, University of Cambridge, Sept 2013
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