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Book Chapter
Mining, Refining, Smelting, and Recycling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract This chapter describes the process steps in the production of smelter grade aluminum, the environmental issues with aluminum production, and the importance of recycling. It also provides a discussion on the refining, or Bayer, process and the smelting, or Hall-Héroult, process...
Abstract
This chapter describes the process steps in the production of smelter grade aluminum, the environmental issues with aluminum production, and the importance of recycling. It also provides a discussion on the refining, or Bayer, process and the smelting, or Hall-Héroult, process.
Book Chapter
History of Stainless Steel Melting and Refining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... melting refining rustless process stainless steel Wild process THE TWO PRINCIPAL alloying elements in stainless steel are chromium in straight chromium steels and chromium and nickel in austenitic steels. Chromium is the difficult material to deal with, because it “gobbles up,” as one writer put...
Abstract
This chapter presents a brief description of the three-step process: melting, decarburizing, and alloying. It also discusses the following processes: wild process, rustless process, and Linde Argon-Oxygen decarburization process.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... as an unavoidable part of petroleum refining and petrochemical operations. Partially due to this historical view of corrosion, one of the primary causes of operational problems in refining and petrochemical operations is corrosion. Corrosion problems increase operating and maintenance costs substantially. Time...
Abstract
This chapter presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. In addition, specific information on mechanical properties, corrosion, sulfide stress cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen embrittlement cracking, stress-corrosion cracking, velocity-accelerated corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion control is provided.
Image
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 4.21 Cast structure of a round billet (200 mm Ø) after grain-refining treatment
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Evolution of liquid metal chemical composition during refining in a convert...
Available to Purchase
in Processes in Steel Production
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 2.7 Evolution of liquid metal chemical composition during refining in a converter.
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Image
Bayer refining process. (a) Crushing of bauxite ore as it enters the refine...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 June 2023
Fig. 2.3 Bayer refining process. (a) Crushing of bauxite ore as it enters the refinery. (b) Schematic of Bayer refining process used to produce alumina
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Image
Liquid Aluminum Refining System (LARS) (a) degassing fundamentals and (b) d...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2025
Fig. 5.14 Liquid Aluminum Refining System (LARS) (a) degassing fundamentals and (b) degassing unit. Source: Ref 5.17 , 5.18
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Image
Published: 01 March 2000
Fig. 9 Effect of grain refiner on grain structure (magnification 1.2×)
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Image
Double reheat quench. A high temperature first reheat quench refines the co...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1999
Fig. 3.11 Double reheat quench. A high temperature first reheat quench refines the core, and a lower temperature second reheat quench refines the case.
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Image
The Chinuka process refines as well as reduces. Courtesy of D. Fray, Univer...
Available to Purchase
in History and Extractive Metallurgy[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 1.24 The Chinuka process refines as well as reduces. Courtesy of D. Fray, University of Cambridge, Sept 2013
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Image
As-cast Al-7Si ingots showing the effects of grain refinement. (a) No grain...
Available to Purchase
in The Effects of Microstructure on Properties
> Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4.4 As-cast Al-7Si ingots showing the effects of grain refinement. (a) No grain refiner. (b) Grain refined. Both etched using Poulton’s etch; both 2×. Courtesy of W.G. Lidman, KB Alloys Inc.
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Image
Effect of phosphorus refinement on the microstructure of a hypereutectic Al...
Available to Purchase
in The Effects of Microstructure on Properties
> Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4.9 Effect of phosphorus refinement on the microstructure of a hypereutectic Al-22Si-1Ni-1Cu alloy. (a) Unrefined. (b) Phosphorus refined. (c) Refined and fluxed. All 100×
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Image
Microstructures showing the refinement of the primary ferrite grains by nor...
Available to Purchase
in Annealing, Normalizing, Martempering, and Austempering
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 7-16 Microstructures showing the refinement of the primary ferrite grains by normalizing in a 0.5% C steel. (a) Air cooled from hot working range (e.g., 1200°C). (b) Normalized after treatment in (a). (Adapted from same source as Fig. 7-6 )
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Image
Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 5.2 Refined cruciform specimen (dimensions in mm). Source: Ref 5.1
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Image
Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 8.23 Grain growth in zone-refined iron during isothermal anneals. Source: Ref 1
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Illustration of how a refinement in grain size improves resistance to hydro...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2015
Fig. 8 Illustration of how a refinement in grain size improves resistance to hydrogen failure as measured by the time to failure of two strengths of AISI 4340 steels. Source: Ref 20
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Image
Comparison of the effectiveness of various master alloy grain refiners in a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2001
Fig. 22 Comparison of the effectiveness of various master alloy grain refiners in aluminum alloy 356
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