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Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract This chapter describes the process steps in the production of smelter grade aluminum, the environmental issues with aluminum production, and the importance of recycling. It also provides a discussion on the refining, or Bayer, process and the smelting, or Hall-Héroult, process...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... melting refining rustless process stainless steel Wild process THE TWO PRINCIPAL alloying elements in stainless steel are chromium in straight chromium steels and chromium and nickel in austenitic steels. Chromium is the difficult material to deal with, because it “gobbles up,” as one writer put...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... as an unavoidable part of petroleum refining and petrochemical operations. Partially due to this historical view of corrosion, one of the primary causes of operational problems in refining and petrochemical operations is corrosion. Corrosion problems increase operating and maintenance costs substantially. Time...
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Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 4.21 Cast structure of a round billet (200 mm Ø) after grain-refining treatment More
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 2.7 Evolution of liquid metal chemical composition during refining in a converter. More
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 25.1 Processing steps in cooper refining More
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 25.2 Electrolytic refining of copper. Source: Ref 3 More
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Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 2.3 Bayer refining process. (a) Crushing of bauxite ore as it enters the refinery. (b) Schematic of Bayer refining process used to produce alumina More
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Published: 30 April 2025
Fig. 5.14 Liquid Aluminum Refining System (LARS) (a) degassing fundamentals and (b) degassing unit. Source: Ref 5.17 , 5.18 More
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Published: 01 March 2000
Fig. 9 Effect of grain refiner on grain structure (magnification 1.2×) More
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Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 3.11 Double reheat quench. A high temperature first reheat quench refines the core, and a lower temperature second reheat quench refines the case. More
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Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 1.24 The Chinuka process refines as well as reduces. Courtesy of D. Fray, University of Cambridge, Sept 2013 More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4.4 As-cast Al-7Si ingots showing the effects of grain refinement. (a) No grain refiner. (b) Grain refined. Both etched using Poulton’s etch; both 2×. Courtesy of W.G. Lidman, KB Alloys Inc. More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4.9 Effect of phosphorus refinement on the microstructure of a hypereutectic Al-22Si-1Ni-1Cu alloy. (a) Unrefined. (b) Phosphorus refined. (c) Refined and fluxed. All 100× More
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Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 7-16 Microstructures showing the refinement of the primary ferrite grains by normalizing in a 0.5% C steel. (a) Air cooled from hot working range (e.g., 1200°C). (b) Normalized after treatment in (a). (Adapted from same source as Fig. 7-6 ) More
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Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 5.2 Refined cruciform specimen (dimensions in mm). Source: Ref 5.1 More
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 27.4 Grain refinement with zirconium. Source: Ref 4 More
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 8.23 Grain growth in zone-refined iron during isothermal anneals. Source: Ref 1 More
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Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 8 Illustration of how a refinement in grain size improves resistance to hydrogen failure as measured by the time to failure of two strengths of AISI 4340 steels. Source: Ref 20 More
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Published: 01 December 2001
Fig. 22 Comparison of the effectiveness of various master alloy grain refiners in aluminum alloy 356 More