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refinery equipment
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... vessels, and refinery equipment. oil country tubular goods line pipe offshore platforms liquefied natural gas vessels refinery equipment stainless steel corrosion prevention Summary THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY has had to deal with increasingly hostile environments in its search for new...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various factors pertinent to the prevention of corrosion in alloys for petroleum applications and reviews the selection of stainless steels for petroleum applications, including oil country tubular goods, line pipe, offshore platforms, liquefied natural gas vessels, and refinery equipment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract This chapter presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. In addition, specific information on mechanical properties, corrosion, sulfide...
Abstract
This chapter presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. In addition, specific information on mechanical properties, corrosion, sulfide stress cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen embrittlement cracking, stress-corrosion cracking, velocity-accelerated corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion control is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... and refinery equipment. Finally, extensive discussion on the materials problems in coal-fired boilers, oil-fired boilers, waste-to-energy boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers is included. In summary, the subjects covered extensively in this book include: Oxidation Nitridation Carburization...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the topics covered in the book and explains why and to whom the book was written. The book is intended for engineers, metallurgists, and failure analysts who work with materials and components that operate in high-temperature corrosive environments. It covers eight basic modes of high-temperature corrosion as well as the effect of external and residual stresses. It also provides an extensive amount of engineering data associated primarily with commercial alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... 17.3 Hydrogen Attack in Petroleum Refining In petroleum refining, some refinery equipment, such as reactors in hydrotreating, reforming, and hydrocracking units, is exposed to a high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere. Hydrogen attack is potentially a very serious materials issue...
Abstract
Carbon and low-alloy steels in high-temperature service are vulnerable to the effects of hydrogen attack, which include severe loss in tensile and rupture strengths as well as ductility. As the chapter explains, when steel is in contact with hydrogen molecules at elevated temperatures, hydrogen atoms can be absorbed at the surface and then diffuse into the metal. Hydrogen atoms in the metal then react with iron carbide forming methane gas which can accumulate at grain boundaries and other interfaces. The chapter describes two applications, one in coal-fired boilers, the other in petroleum refining, where hydrogen attack was observed. It documents the extent of the damage in each case and identifies the source of the hydrogen.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
.... corrosion inhibitors crude oil refineries corrosion monitoring CORROSION has a major economic impact on the oil refining industry. The replacement cost of damaged equipment is a substantial capital expense. Unplanned outages reduce throughput, lowering revenue and profit. More importantly, due...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430376
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... Lobley G.R. , Stress Corrosion Cracking: Case Studies in Refinery Equipment , 6th Saudi Engineering Conference , Vol 5 , Dec 2002 ( Dhahran ), p 17 – 26 6.38 Wagner C. , Defending Boiler Components Against Corrosive and Erosive Attack , The Fabricator , Sept 2013 , https...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... to 5.2 50 to 750 Hydrogen treating 205 to 427 400 to 800 0.1 to 10 15 to 1500 ASTM specifications for steels commonly used in refinery and petrochemical equipment<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t60490001-t2-tn1">(a)</xref> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="t60490001-ref10">Ref 10</xref>) Table...
Abstract
The ability to accurately assess the remaining life of components is essential to the operation of plants and equipment, particularly those in service beyond their design life. This, in turn, requires a knowledge of material failure modes and a proficiency for predicting the near and long term effects of mechanical, chemical, and thermal stressors. This chapter presents a broad overview of the types of damage to which materials are exposed at high temperatures and the approaches used to estimate remaining service life. It explains how operating conditions in power plants and oil refineries can cause material-related problems such as embrittlement, creep, thermal fatigue, hot corrosion, and oxidation. It also discusses the factors and considerations involved in determining design life, defining failure criteria, and implementing remaining-life-assessment procedures.
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... crude oils and gases that contain H 2 S are handled by most refineries. Hydrogen sulfide is also present in some feed-stocks handled by petrochemical plants. Fabricability Considerations With very few exceptions, process equipment and piping are fabricated by welding wrought steels. The shells...
Abstract
This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics, types of weld corrosion issues, and prevention or mitigation strategies.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
...) in continuous service. Scaling becomes excessive above approximately 760 °C (1400 °F) in intermittent service. Turbine blades and highly stressed sections in gas turbines, furnace parts, and burners operating below 650 °C (1200 °F), valve parts, cutlery, fasteners, hardware, oil refinery equipment, mining...
Abstract
Martensitic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium-carbon alloys that possess a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (martensitic) in the hardened condition. Martensitic stainless steels are similar to plain carbon or low-alloy steels that are austenitized, hardened by quenching, and then tempered for increased ductility and toughness. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, corrosion resistance, and general welding considerations of martensitic stainless steels. It also discusses the causes for hydrogen-induced cracking in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
.... Industrial case studies demonstrating the necessity for testing each galvanic couple in the environment for which it is intended are presented. The chapter also discusses various factors associated with stress-corrosion cracking in oil refineries. carbon steel weldments heat affected zone corrosion...
Abstract
This chapter describes issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The forms of corrosion covered includes preferential heat affected zone corrosion, preferential weld metal corrosion, and galvanic corrosion. Industrial case studies demonstrating the necessity for testing each galvanic couple in the environment for which it is intended are presented. The chapter also discusses various factors associated with stress-corrosion cracking in oil refineries.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... alloy or a cast alloy will be more suitable metallurgically and/or economically for the intended high-temperature application. Engineers may also consider a totally different approach to address the high-temperature corrosion issue for some existing plant equipment that has suffered corrosion...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490329
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... hydrogen damage in petroleum refinery equipment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="t60490329-ref55">Ref 55</xref>) Table 7.5. Japanese experience with high-temperature hydrogen damage in petroleum refinery equipment ( Ref 55 ) Equipment Material Operating temperature, °C Hydrogen partial pressure...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in hydroprocessing reactor vessels and the methods used to assess lifetime and performance. It begins with a review of the materials used in the construction of pressure-vessel shells, the challenges they face, and the factors that determine shell integrity. The discussion addresses key properties and design parameters including allowable stress, fracture toughness, the effect of microstructure and composition on embrittlement, high-temperature creep, and subcritical crack growth. The chapter also provides information on the factors that affect cladding integrity and ends with a section on life-assessment techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... Abstract Steel castings are produced in thousands of designs for different applications. They fill needs in many industries, including transportation, construction machinery, earthmoving equipment, rolling mills, mining, oil and gas exploration, and power generation. This chapter touches upon...
Abstract
Steel castings are produced in thousands of designs for different applications. They fill needs in many industries, including transportation, construction machinery, earthmoving equipment, rolling mills, mining, oil and gas exploration, and power generation. This chapter touches upon the variety of applications for which steel castings can be supplied and the ranges of casting size and complexity. Photographs in this chapter provide an understanding of these applications, their size and complexity, and the types of cast steels produced.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... higher temperatures and thus can suffer more serious corrosion problems. Many furnaces in refinery and petrochemical plants often use residual fuel oils for heating high-temperature processing equipment. The uncooled components in these furnaces can suffer severe oil-ash corrosion attacks. This section...
Abstract
Fireside corrosion can be a serious problem in oil-fired boilers and in refinery furnaces fired with low-grade fuels. This chapter provides an overview of fireside or oil-ash corrosion and the problems it can cause in utility power boilers and petrochemical refinery furnaces. It explains how oil-ash corrosion affects waterwalls, superheaters, and reheaters as well as metal tube supports and hangers.
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... (sensitivity to porosity or cracking and the required mechanical properties), but also the details of the joint (plate thickness, joint design, welding position, and location) and weld economics (deposition rates and efficiencies, cost of labor, cost of consumables, capital cost of equipment, number of spare...
Abstract
Carbon and low-alloy steels are the most frequently welded metallic materials, and much of the welding metallurgy research has focused on this class of materials. Key metallurgical factors of interest include an understanding of the solidification of welds, microstructure of the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ), solid-state phase transformations during welding, control of toughness in the HAZ, the effects of preheating and postweld heat treatment, and weld discontinuities. This chapter provides information on the classification of steels and the welding characteristics of each class. It describes the issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The major forms of environmentally assisted cracking affecting weldment corrosion are covered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the effects of welding practice on weldment corrosion.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... for sulfide stress cracking resistance for petroleum production, drilling, gathering, and transmission equipment and for field-processing facilities to be used in hydrogen sulfide bearing hydrocarbon service. Guidelines for dealing with the hydrogen stress cracking that occurs in refineries and petrochemical...
Abstract
Corrosion failures of welds can occur even when the proper base metal and filler metal have been selected, industry codes and standards have been followed, and welds have been deposited that possess full weld penetration and have proper shape and contour. This chapter describes some of the general characteristics associated with the corrosion of weldments. The role of macro- and microcompositional variations, a feature common to weldments, is emphasized in this chapter to bring out differences that need to be realized in comparing the corrosion of weldments to that of wrought materials. The discussion covers the factors influencing corrosion of weldments, microstructural features of weld microstructures, various forms of weld corrosion, and welding practice to minimize corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... components and equipment, structural designers, manufacturers, and users do not want a repeat of history. The consequences and costs of fractured, cracked, corroded, and malfunctioned equipment are unwanted, dangerous, and expensive. Through the years, history has demonstrated that failures occur. History...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... operation, for example, petroleum refinery Redundant equipment Installation of three large fans where two are required during operation Corrosion control Inhibitors Injection of oil wells Organic coatings Coal tar on exterior of underground pipeline Paint on wooden furniture...
Abstract
Corrosion can be defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties. This chapter describes the effects and economic impact of corrosion in major industrial plants. The emphasis in this chapter, as well as in other chapters in this book, is on aqueous corrosion, or corrosion in environments where water is present. The chapter describes the classification of various forms of corrosion based on the nature of the corrodent, mechanism of corrosion, and appearance of the corroded metal. It discusses five primary methods of corrosion control, namely, material selection, coatings, inhibitors, cathodic protection, and design. Examples of the opportunities in corrosion control and the means to implement a program to capitalize on those opportunities are presented in a table. The chapter concludes with varied sources of information pertaining to corrosion and corrosion prevention.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930217
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
Abstract
This article reviews the fundamental and specific factors that control the properties of steel weldments in both the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ). The influence of welding processes, welding consumables, and welding parameters on the weldment properties is emphasized. The service properties of weldments in corrosive environments are considered and subjected to cyclic loading. The article summarizes the effects of major alloying elements in carbon and low-alloy steels on HAZ microstructure and toughness. It discusses the processes involved in controlling toughness in the HAZ and the selection of the proper filler metal. The article provides a comparison between single-pass and multipass welding and describes the effect of welding procedures on weldment properties and the effects of residual stresses on the service behavior of welded structures. It also describes the fatigue strength and fracture toughness of welded structures. The article reviews various types of corrosion of weldments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
...-21Cr-2.24Si). Source: Ref 34 In refineries, sulfidation, which is commonly referred to as “sulfidic corrosion” in refinery industry, is a common materials problem. The temperatures of the refinery equipment having sulfidation problems are typically between about 260 and 540 °C (500 and 1000 °F...
Abstract
Sulfur is one of the most common corrosive contaminants in high-temperature industrial environments and its presence can cause a number of problems, including sulfidation. This chapter describes the sulfidation behavior of a wide range of alloys as observed in three types of industrial environments. One environment consists of sulfur vapor, hydrocarbon streams, H2S, and H2-H2S gas; sulfides are the only corrosion products that form under these conditions. Another environment consists of H2, CO, CO2, H2S, and other gases, causing the formation of oxides as well as sulfides in most alloys. The third environment, for which less data exists, contains either SO2 or O2-SO2 mixtures.