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reaction bonding
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Image
Published: 01 October 2012
Fig. 11.24 Flow diagram of the reaction bonding process for processing SCS-6 fiber/Si 3 N 4 composites. Source: Ref 11.11
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Image
Published: 01 October 2012
Fig. 10.11 Statistical aspects of material design. (a) Weibull plot for reaction-bonded silicon nitride. (b) Improved Weibull distributions. (c) Modification of normal distribution by proof testing. Source: Ref 10.9
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Image
Published: 01 October 2012
Fig. 11.25 Microstructure of reaction-bonded SCS-6 fiber/Si 3 N 4 composite showing uniform fiber distribution and small amounts of residual porosity around the periphery of the large-diameter fibers. Source: Ref 11.11
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
..., continuous fiber ceramic composites, and carbon-carbon composites. It also describes a number of ceramic-matrix composite processing methods, including cold pressing and sintering, hot pressing, reaction bonding, directed metal oxidation, and liquid, vapor, and polymer infiltration. ceramic-matrix...
Abstract
Ceramic-matrix composites possess many of the desirable qualities of monolithic ceramics, but are much tougher because of the reinforcements. This chapter explains how reinforcements are used in ceramic-matrix composites and how they alter energy-dissipating mechanisms and load-carrying behaviors. It compares the stress-strain curves for monolithic ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites, noting improvements afforded by the addition of reinforcements. It then goes on to discuss the key attributes, properties, and applications of discontinuously reinforced ceramic composites, continuous fiber ceramic composites, and carbon-carbon composites. It also describes a number of ceramic-matrix composite processing methods, including cold pressing and sintering, hot pressing, reaction bonding, directed metal oxidation, and liquid, vapor, and polymer infiltration.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550511
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... 33 18 3.1 1.1 3.3 800 (116) 725 (105) 13 1400 2550 Reaction-bonded (RBSN) 200 29.0 0.22 10 10 3.1 0.87 2.7 295 (43) 295 (43) 10 1400 2550 Silicon carbide Hot-pressed (HPSN) 430 62.4 0.17 80 51 4.6 0.67 3.3 550 (80) 520 (75) 10 1500 2730...
Abstract
Ceramics normally have high melting temperatures, excellent chemical stability and, due to the absence of conduction electrons, tend to be good electrical and thermal insulators. They are also inherently hard and brittle, and when loaded in tension, have almost no tolerance for flaws. This chapter describes the applications, properties, and behaviors of some of the more widely used structural ceramics, including alumina, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), magnesia-partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), and yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP). It also provides information on materials selection, design optimization, and joining methods, and covers every step of the ceramic production process.
Image
Published: 01 October 2012
Fig. 10.23 Variation of flexural strength with temperature for various types of silicon nitride ceramics. SSN, sintered silicon nitride; HPSN, hot-pressed silicon nitride; HIPSN, hot isostatically pressed silicon nitride; RBSN, reaction-bonded silicon nitride. Source: Ref 10.7
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
..., that is, an irreversible crosslinking reaction. Neither molded thermoset or vulcanized elastomer components can be reshaped by means of heating, because degradation occurs. It follows that thermoset and vulcanized rubber components can be joined only with adhesive bonding or mechanical fastening methods. Thermoplastic...
Abstract
This chapter reviews materials issues encountered in joining, including challenges involved in welding of dissimilar metal combinations; joining of plastics by mechanical fastening, solvent and adhesive bonding, and welding; joining of thermoset and thermoplastic composite materials by mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, and, for thermoplastic composites, welding; the making of glass-to-metal seals; and joining of oxide and nonoxide ceramics to themselves and to metals by solid-state processes and by brazing. The classification, types, applications, and the mechanism of each of these methods are covered. The factors influencing joint integrity and the main considerations in welding dissimilar metal combinations are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
... in character and conducive to metallic bonding. Therefore, in brazing to nonmetals, diffusion and chemical reaction are inextricably linked to wetting and spreading by the filler. The interaction between a braze and a nonmetal can take one of two forms. It may be classified as either chemical bonding...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes involved in the wetting, spreading, and chemical interaction of a braze on a nonmetal. The chapter reviews the key materials and process issues relating to the joining of nonmetals using active brazing. Emphasis is placed on the differences in brazing to metals by established methods. The chapter also describes the designing process and properties of metal/nonmetal joints.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
.... There also are materials formed by reactions involving water. Most ceramics are brittle: they fracture before they deform very much. Crystalline Ceramics Crystalline ceramics are compounds consisting of metal and nonmetal ions bonded either covalently or ionically. Most have high melting points...
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
..., to “stick” the components together. The process involves a chemical reaction, which may simply occur through exposure of the adhesive to air, leading to the formation of a hydrogen-type bond between the cured adhesive and the respective components. The original interfaces of the joint are preserved...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering jointly represent one of several methods for joining solid materials. This chapter summarizes the principal characteristics of the various joining methods. It then discusses key parameters of brazing including surface energy and tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, surface roughness of components, dissolution of parent materials, new phase formations, significance of the joint gap, and the strength of metals. The chapter also describes issues in processing aspects that must be considered when designing a joint, and the health, safety, and environmental aspects of brazing.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... material, often containing various additives, to “stick” the components together. The process involves a chemical reaction, which may simply comprise exposure of the adhesive to air, leading to the formation of a hydrogen-type bond between the cured adhesive and the respective components. The original...
Abstract
Soldering and brazing represent one of several types of methods for joining solid materials. These methods may be classified as mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, soldering and brazing, welding, and solid-state joining. This chapter summarizes the principal characteristics of these joining methods. It presents a comparison between solders and brazes. Further details on pressure welding and diffusion bonding are also provided. Key parameters of soldering are discussed, including surface energy and surface tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, surface roughness of components, dissolution of parent materials and intermetallic growth, significance of the joint gap, and the strength of metals. The chapter also examines the principal aspects related to the design and application of soldering processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610327
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... at 1000 °C (1830 °F). (g) Hot pressed at 27 °C (80 °F). (h) Hot pressed at 1000 °C (1830 °F). (j) At 300 K (27 °C, or 80 °F). (k) At 1473 K (1200 °C, or 2190 °F). (m) Sintered. (n) Hot pressed. (p) Reaction bonded. Source: Ref 6 If the resistance of the material...
Abstract
This chapter covers the fatigue and fracture behaviors of ceramics and polymers. It discusses the benefits of transformation toughening, the use of ceramic-matrix composites, fracture mechanisms, and the relationship between fatigue and subcritical crack growth. In regard to polymers, it covers general characteristics, viscoelastic properties, and static strength. It also discusses fatigue life, impact strength, fracture toughness, and stress-rupture behaviors as well as environmental effects such as plasticization, solvation, swelling, stress cracking, degradation, and surface embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... → | -CH 2 -CH 2 - | n where n is a very large number. This reaction is called an addition reaction. It must be initiated by breaking the double carbon-carbon bond in the ethylene monomer. This may be broken by stimulation of an initiator such as a radical, R − , which produces...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the structural classifications, molecular configuration, degradation, properties, and uses of polymers. It describes thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, degree of polymerization, branching, cross-linking, and copolymers. It also discusses glass transition temperatures, additives, and the effect of stretching on thermoplastics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780329
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... that does not occur outdoors. The activation energy of most photochemical reactions in the gas phase usually lies no more than 5 to 6% above the dissociation energy of the bond being broken. Typical bond dissociation energies in plastics range between 420 and 290 kJ/mol (100 and 70 kcal/mol). Therefore...
Abstract
This article provides a basic review of polymer photochemistry as it relates to the weatherability of engineering plastics, considering the chemistry induced by exposure to sunlight in open air. Elementary aspects of weatherability chemistry that are discussed include the light wavelengths responsible for polymer photochemistry, problems with artificial light sources, general photooxidation and specific photochemical reactions important in plastics, and the factors influencing the rate of degradation. The approaches used to stabilize plastics against photochemical damage, including ultraviolet light absorbers, oxidation inhibitors, and the use of protective coatings, are also considered.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.9781627083515
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.9781627083522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
... fillets at the edges of the joint. Diffusion bonding sidesteps the need for wetting and spreading by a filler metal (see Chapter 1, section 1.1.7.3 ). Once formed, diffusion-bonded joints are stable to high temperatures so that the service temperature of the assembly can actually exceed the peak...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
..., and they exhibit more shrinkage during cure. Polyesters cure by addition reactions in which unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C) are the locations where crosslinking occurs. A typical polyester consists of at least three ingredients: a polyester; a crosslinking agent such as styrene; and an initiator...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of thermoset and thermoplastic resins in polymer matrix composites. It begins by explaining how the two classes of polymer differ and how it impacts their use as matrix materials. It then goes on to describe the characteristics of polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy, bismaleimide, cyanate ester, polyimide, and phenolic resins and various toughening methods. The chapter also covers thermoplastic matrix materials and product forms and provides an introduction to the physiochemical tests used to characterize resins and cured laminates.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
..., acrylamide, and acrylonitrile. They are all two-part systems. They are not mixed for application; rather, the resin is applied to one adherent, and the accelerant applied to the other adherent. When mated, the bonding reaction occurs quickly (in minutes), even at room temperature. Pretreated parts can...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to join beryllium parts using adhesive bonding and mechanical fastening techniques and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each method. It describes the stresses that need to be considered when designing adhesive bonds, the benefits and limitations of different adhesives, and surface preparation requirements. It explains how adhesives are applied and cured and how curing times and temperatures affect bonding strength. It also discusses the use of bolts and rivets and the different types of joints that can be made with them.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240607
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... of reinforcement spacing and orientation, promotion of wetting and bonding between the matrix and reinforcement, and minimization of reinforcement damage, primarily due to chemical reactions between the matrix and reinforcement. The interface between the reinforcement and matrix is important in determining...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) work at higher temperatures than their base metal counterparts and can be engineered for improved strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, abrasion and/or creep resistance, and dimensional stability. This chapter examines the properties, compositions, and performance-cost tradeoffs of common MMCs, including aluminum-matrix composites, titanium-matrix composites, and fiber-metal laminates. It also explains how fiber-reinforced composites and laminates are made, describing both continuous and discontinuous fiber matrix production processes.
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