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rapid quenching
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
..., which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging...
Abstract
Precipitation hardening is used extensively to strengthen aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, beryllium-copper alloys, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This chapter discusses two types of particle strengthening: precipitation hardening, which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
.... It also includes labels identifying the microconstituents that form in plain carbon steels under rapid quenching conditions. cementite iron-carbon phase diagram microstructure ...
Abstract
This appendix includes two annotated iron-carbon (Fe-C) phase diagrams. One is a poster-size diagram showing iron-carbon phases up to 7 wt% C along with representative microstructures. The other diagram is close-up view showing the phases that occur from 0 to 1.2 wt% C. It also includes labels identifying the microconstituents that form in plain carbon steels under rapid quenching conditions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... produces a different critical diameter associated with the rapid changes in hardness with bar diameter close to Rockwell C 50. Judging the position of 50% martensite from hardness changes with bar diameter can be difficult, as for example in the water-quenching data of Fig. 16.16 . Therefore, the probable...
Abstract
The properties of martensite and the mechanisms that govern its formation are the key to understanding hardness and the hardenability of carbon steel. Martensite is a transformation product of austenite that requires rapid cooling to suppress diffusion-dependent transformation pathways. This chapter describes the conditions that must be met for martensite to form. It discusses the role of quenching and the factors that affect cooling rate, including heat transfer, thermal diffusivity, emissivity, and section size. It defines hardenability and explains how to quantify it using the Grossmann-Bain approach or Jominy end-quench testing. It also explains how hardenability can be improved through the addition of boron, phosphorus, and other alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... the production of hypo- and hypereutectoid steels and the effect of cooling rate on microstructure. It also examines quenched steels and the phase transformations associated with rapid cooling. It describes the development of lath and plate martensite, retained austenite, and bainite and how to identify...
Abstract
The mechanical properties of steel are strongly influenced by the underlying microstructure, which is readily observed using optical microscopy. This chapter describes common room-temperature steel microstructures and how they are achieved via heat treatment. It discusses the production of hypo- and hypereutectoid steels and the effect of cooling rate on microstructure. It also examines quenched steels and the phase transformations associated with rapid cooling. It describes the development of lath and plate martensite, retained austenite, and bainite and how to identify the various phases. The chapter concludes with a brief review of spheroidized microstructures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... to achieve the highest postquench degree of retained solution. Rapid cooling from solution temperature to room temperature is critical, difficult, and often the least-controlled step in thermal processing. Specifications often define or recommend quench delay limits. In practice, the shortest possible...
Abstract
The metallurgy of aluminum and its alloys offers a range of opportunities for employing heat treatments to obtain desirable combinations of mechanical and physical properties such that castings meet defined temper requirements. This chapter discusses the processes involved in solution heat treatment, quenching, precipitation hardening, and annealing of aluminum alloys. The effects of these processes on dimensional stability and residual stresses are also discussed. Troubleshooting and diagnosis of heat treating problems are covered in the concluding section of the chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... Martensite Special Attributes of Martensitic Steels MARTENSITIC (MS) STEELS are produced by quenching carbon steel from the austenite phase into martensite. Martensite is formed when rapid cooling of austenite traps carbon atoms that do not have time to diffuse out of the transforming face-centered...
Abstract
Martensitic steels are produced by quenching carbon steel from the austenite phase into martensite. This chapter provides information on the composition, microstructures, processing, deformation mechanisms, mechanical properties, hot forming, tempering, and special attributes of martensitic steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... hardening. In ferritic malleable gray iron, melting enhances the diffusion of carbon, and the ensuing rapid quench produces a hardened region. Metallurgical Changes Metallurgical changes with laser melting are in the forms of grain refinement, solid solutions, and fine dispersions of precipitates...
Abstract
This chapter discusses surface engineering treatments, including flame hardening, induction hardening, high-energy beam hardening, laser melting, and shot peening. It describes the basic implementation of each method, the materials for which they are suited, and their effect on surface metallurgy.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... been known since the early 1970s. Amorphous alloys have no long-range order like conventional crystalline materials and are generally made by rapid quenching of molten alloy by a splat process, by a melt spinning process that produces ribbon, by a planar flow casting process that produces wide ribbon...
Abstract
Beryllium is an important additive in the production of amorphous metal alloys, achieving low density and high strength. It also plays a role in amorphous alloys that can be slowly cooled and still retain their amorphous structure. This chapter provides information on the development of amorphous alloys that contain beryllium and the applications for which they are suited.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... of austenitizing in molten salts include very rapid heating, uniform temperature distribution, and avoidance of surface oxidation and decarburization. (See Ref 12.23 , p 309, for a detailed discussion.) Salt bath quenching is used when the goal is to quench very rapidly to elevated temperatures...
Abstract
Quenching is a critical step in the production of hardened steel. This chapter untangles some of the complexities of the quenching process and its effect on the microstructure and properties of various steels. Making extensive use of cooling curves, it sheds light on the transformations that occur at different cooling rates and the extent to which they can be changed by adjusting quench parameters. It discusses the role of quenching in martempering and austempering along with related problems such as cracking and distortion and the challenges posed by low-hardenability steels. It also discusses the use of various quenchants, including oil, polymer, and molten salt, and explains how to measure and compare their performance using a standard (ISO 9950) test.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... is low, and severe brine or water quenching is required to produce martensitic microstructures (hence the term water hardening to describe this type of steel). Despite rapid quenching, the water-hardening tool steels may harden only to shallow depths. In some applications, such as cold header dies...
Abstract
The water-hardening steels are either essentially plain carbon steels or very low-alloy carbon steels. As a result, the water-hardening tool steels are the least expensive of tool steels and require strict control of processing and heat treatment to achieve good properties and performance. This chapter provides an overview of general processing and performance considerations of water-hardening tool steels. It describes the microstructural characteristics and hardenability of water-hardening tool steels. The chapter discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of water-hardening tool steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... possess an extremely high corrosion resistance ( Ref 13.1 ). The mechanical behavior of amorphous alloys prepared by rapid quenching from the liquid state (by melt spinning, for example) is also remarkable. They are very strong and stiff, but tough; for example, amorphous iron-base alloys have a fracture...
Abstract
Amorphous alloys, because of their lack of crystallographic slip planes, are assumed to be insensitive to the selective corrosion attack that causes stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in crystalline alloys. However, under certain conditions, melt-spun amorphous alloys have proven vulnerable to SCC due to hydrogen embrittlement. This chapter presents findings from several studies on this phenomenon, describing test conditions as well as cracking and fracture behaviors. It also discusses the effect of deformation on corrosion behavior, particularly for alloys without strongly passivating elements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
.... Such rapid quench rates are undesirable because there is no opportunity for stress relief during cooling; that is, warping and distortion are more likely to occur during rapid quenching. These stresses, superimposed on the transformation stresses caused by the volume expansion that occurs when martensite...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various processes involved in the production of steel from raw materials to finished mill products. The processes include hot rolling, cold rolling, forging, extruding, or drawing. The chapter provides a detailed description of two main furnaces used for making steel: the electric arc furnace and the basic oxygen furnace. It also provides information on the classification and specifications for various steels, namely, plain carbon steels, low-carbon steels, medium-carbon plain carbon steels, and high-carbon plain carbon steels. The chapter concludes with a general overview of the factors influencing corrosion in iron and steel and a brief discussion of corrosion-resistant coatings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... carbide (Fe 3 C). Cementite forms in the presence of high carbon concentrations. A two-phase mixture called pearlite forms at lower carbon content and is made up of alternating layers of soft ferrite and hard cementite. Martensite is a very hard phase that results from the very rapid quenching...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... Martens) because it was believed at that time that the high-temperature microstructure was retained on rapid quenching. That was shortly corrected, and Osmond named this high-temperature phase austenite, after the English metallurgist Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen. Roozeboom’s work started a trend...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... very rapid and accurate application of the quenchant to force immediate and rapid quenching. The power requirements are dictated by the power required for the application. Small through-heating applications such as the small armature shafts can be run on RF power supplies as low as 5 kW. The large...
Abstract
Induction heat treating is used in a wide range of applications. Typical uses, as described in this chapter, include the surface hardening of many types of shafts as well as gears and sprockets and the through-hardening of gripping teeth, cutting edges, and impact zones incorporated into various types of tools and track pins manufactured for off-highway equipment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... rapid. Thus, high alloy contents and high temperatures approaching, but below, the eutectoid temperature favor intermetallic compound formation. Next, consider an alloy of composition C 2 (eutectoid alloy) quenched from a temperature in the beta field to T α. In this instance, the beta...
Abstract
Titanium alloys respond well to heat treatment be it to increase strength (age hardening), reduce residual stresses, or minimize tradeoffs in ductility, machinability, and dimensional and structural stability (annealing). This chapter describes the phase transformations associated with these processes, explaining how and why they occur and how they are typically controlled. It makes extensive use of phase diagrams and cooling curves to illustrate the effects of alloying and quenching on beta-to-alpha transformations and the conditions that produce metastable phases. It also examines several time-temperature-transformation diagrams, which account for the effect of cooling rate.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... ultrathin sections of a high-temperature thermoplastic-matrix carbon fiber composite that were exposed to different cooling rates. (a) Slow cooled. (b) Fast cooled followed by annealing. (c) Fast cooled. Transmitted polarized light, 100× objective In the aforementioned example, the rapid quenching...
Abstract
Microstructural analysis of the composite matrix is necessary to understand the performance of the part and its long-term durability. This chapter focuses on the microstructural analysis of engineering thermoplastic-matrix composites and the influence of cooling rate and nucleation on the formation of spherulites in high-temperature thermoplastic-matrix carbon-fiber-reinforced composites. It also describes the microstructural analysis of a bio-based thermosetting-matrix natural fiber composite system.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... shapes subject to excessive distortion, oil quenching is often adequate and more practical. Rapid air cooling usually is adequate for parts formed from strip or sheet. Rapid cooling from the annealing or solution treating temperature does not suppress the aging reaction of some alloys, such as Astroloy...
Abstract
All superalloys, whether precipitation hardened or not, are heated at some point in their production for a subsequent processing step or, as needed, to alter their microstructure. This chapter discusses the changes that occur in superalloys during heat treatment and the many reasons such changes are required. It describes several types of treatments, including stress relieving, in-process annealing, full annealing, solution annealing, coating diffusion, and precipitation hardening. It discusses the temperatures, holding times, and heating and cooling rates necessary to achieve the desired objectives of quenching, annealing, and aging along with the associated risks of surface damage caused by oxidation, carbon pickup, alloy depletion, intergranular attack, and environmental contaminants. It also discusses heat treatment atmospheres, furnace and fixturing requirements, and practical considerations, including heating and cooling rates for wrought and cast superalloys and combined treatments such as solution annealing and vacuum brazing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... structure, is critical and may vary between slow furnace cooling to rapid cooling by quenching in water. Fig. 11.3 Effect of cooling rate on microstructure. Source: Ref 1 11.1 Annealing 11.2 Process Annealing and Stress Relief 11.3 Normalizing 11.4 Spheroidizing 11.5 Hardening...
Abstract
One of the primary advantages of steels is their ability to attain high strengths through heat treatment while still retaining some degree of ductility. Heat treatments can be used to not only harden steels but also to provide other useful combinations of properties, such as ductility, formability, and machinability. This chapter discusses various heat treatment processes, namely annealing, stress relieving, normalizing, spheroidizing, and hardening by austenitizing, quenching and tempering. It also discusses two types of interrupted quenching processes: martempering and austempering. The chapter concludes with a brief section on temper embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... hardened and often receive no further thermal treatments. Quenching The rate of cooling (quench rate) of aluminum products following either elevated-temperature fabrication or heat treatment can have a significant impact on the corrosion resistance of heat treated alloys. Rapid quenching generally...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the general effects of composition, mechanical treatment, surface treatment, processing, and fabrication operations on the corrosion resistance of aluminum and its alloys. Different types of surface treatments covered include claddings, anodizing, and conversion coatings. The processing steps that can have relatively significant impact on corrosion resistance are homogenization, rolling, extrusion, quenching, aging, and annealing.