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rapid quenching
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Image
Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 9.19 Microconstituents formed in plain carbon steels on rapid quenching from austenite into isothermal baths at the temperatures shown. Source: Ref 9.2
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging. precipitation...
Abstract
Precipitation hardening is used extensively to strengthen aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, beryllium-copper alloys, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This chapter discusses two types of particle strengthening: precipitation hardening, which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... includes labels identifying the microconstituents that form in plain carbon steels under rapid quenching conditions. cementite iron-carbon phase diagram microstructure ...
Abstract
This appendix includes two annotated iron-carbon (Fe-C) phase diagrams. One is a poster-size diagram showing iron-carbon phases up to 7 wt% C along with representative microstructures. The other diagram is close-up view showing the phases that occur from 0 to 1.2 wt% C. It also includes labels identifying the microconstituents that form in plain carbon steels under rapid quenching conditions.
Image
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 3.67 Honeycomb samples after testing at 950 °C (1750 °F) for 154 h for the alloy X honeycomb sample (a) and 317 h for the 214 honeycomb sample (b) in a high-velocity combustion gas stream (0.3 Mach or 100 m/s) generated by a dynamic burner rig. The samples were also subjected to rapid
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... to achieve the highest postquench degree of retained solution. Rapid cooling from solution temperature to room temperature is critical, difficult, and often the least-controlled step in thermal processing. Specifications often define or recommend quench delay limits. In practice, the shortest possible...
Abstract
The metallurgy of aluminum and its alloys offers a range of opportunities for employing heat treatments to obtain desirable combinations of mechanical and physical properties such that castings meet defined temper requirements. This chapter discusses the processes involved in solution heat treatment, quenching, precipitation hardening, and annealing of aluminum alloys. The effects of these processes on dimensional stability and residual stresses are also discussed. Troubleshooting and diagnosis of heat treating problems are covered in the concluding section of the chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... 16.16 shows center hardness as function of bar diameter for the chromium-nickel SAE 3140 steel quenched in oil and water. Each quenching medium produces a different critical diameter associated with the rapid changes in hardness with bar diameter close to Rockwell C 50. Judging the position of 50...
Abstract
The properties of martensite and the mechanisms that govern its formation are the key to understanding hardness and the hardenability of carbon steel. Martensite is a transformation product of austenite that requires rapid cooling to suppress diffusion-dependent transformation pathways. This chapter describes the conditions that must be met for martensite to form. It discusses the role of quenching and the factors that affect cooling rate, including heat transfer, thermal diffusivity, emissivity, and section size. It defines hardenability and explains how to quantify it using the Grossmann-Bain approach or Jominy end-quench testing. It also explains how hardenability can be improved through the addition of boron, phosphorus, and other alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... of martensitic steels. chemical composition microstructure deformation mechanical properties hot forming tempering martensitic steels MARTENSITIC (MS) STEELS are produced by quenching carbon steel from the austenite phase into martensite. Martensite is formed when rapid cooling of austenite...
Abstract
Martensitic steels are produced by quenching carbon steel from the austenite phase into martensite. This chapter provides information on the composition, microstructures, processing, deformation mechanisms, mechanical properties, hot forming, tempering, and special attributes of martensitic steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... the production of hypo- and hypereutectoid steels and the effect of cooling rate on microstructure. It also examines quenched steels and the phase transformations associated with rapid cooling. It describes the development of lath and plate martensite, retained austenite, and bainite and how to identify...
Abstract
The mechanical properties of steel are strongly influenced by the underlying microstructure, which is readily observed using optical microscopy. This chapter describes common room-temperature steel microstructures and how they are achieved via heat treatment. It discusses the production of hypo- and hypereutectoid steels and the effect of cooling rate on microstructure. It also examines quenched steels and the phase transformations associated with rapid cooling. It describes the development of lath and plate martensite, retained austenite, and bainite and how to identify the various phases. The chapter concludes with a brief review of spheroidized microstructures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... hardening. In ferritic malleable gray iron, melting enhances the diffusion of carbon, and the ensuing rapid quench produces a hardened region. Metallurgical Changes Metallurgical changes with laser melting are in the forms of grain refinement, solid solutions, and fine dispersions of precipitates...
Abstract
This chapter discusses surface engineering treatments, including flame hardening, induction hardening, high-energy beam hardening, laser melting, and shot peening. It describes the basic implementation of each method, the materials for which they are suited, and their effect on surface metallurgy.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... finish temperature, M f .) Fig. 12.1 Cooling curve at the surface and center of a rapidly quenched bar of 5140 steel superimposed on the continuous transformation curve Martempering A major problem with rapid quenching of steel is the formation of both distortion and quench cracks...
Abstract
Quenching is a critical step in the production of hardened steel. This chapter untangles some of the complexities of the quenching process and its effect on the microstructure and properties of various steels. Making extensive use of cooling curves, it sheds light on the transformations that occur at different cooling rates and the extent to which they can be changed by adjusting quench parameters. It discusses the role of quenching in martempering and austempering along with related problems such as cracking and distortion and the challenges posed by low-hardenability steels. It also discusses the use of various quenchants, including oil, polymer, and molten salt, and explains how to measure and compare their performance using a standard (ISO 9950) test.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... is low, and severe brine or water quenching is required to produce martensitic microstructures (hence the term water hardening to describe this type of steel). Despite rapid quenching, the water-hardening tool steels may harden only to shallow depths. In some applications, such as cold header dies...
Abstract
The water-hardening steels are either essentially plain carbon steels or very low-alloy carbon steels. As a result, the water-hardening tool steels are the least expensive of tool steels and require strict control of processing and heat treatment to achieve good properties and performance. This chapter provides an overview of general processing and performance considerations of water-hardening tool steels. It describes the microstructural characteristics and hardenability of water-hardening tool steels. The chapter discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of water-hardening tool steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... aluminum alloys would increase the strength, given the well-known fact that steel could be hardened by a high-temperature soak followed by rapid cooling ( quenching ) in water. Surprisingly, he found that quenching did not result in immediate hardening, but the quenched alloy did harden over time at room...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the alloy and temper designations adopted for aluminum cast and wrought products. It explains the naming system and how to identify the main alloying elements and basic strengthening mechanism from any given alloy and temper designation. The chapter provides additional detail on the strengthening and softening mechanisms that allow aluminum alloys to attain a range of engineering properties. The strength of aluminum alloys can be controlled by three methods: solid-solution hardening by alloying, work hardening by plastic deformation, and precipitation hardening with appropriate alloying and heat treatment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... rapid. Thus, high alloy contents and high temperatures approaching, but below, the eutectoid temperature favor intermetallic compound formation. Next, consider an alloy of composition C 2 (eutectoid alloy) quenched from a temperature in the beta field to T α. In this instance, the beta...
Abstract
Titanium alloys respond well to heat treatment be it to increase strength (age hardening), reduce residual stresses, or minimize tradeoffs in ductility, machinability, and dimensional and structural stability (annealing). This chapter describes the phase transformations associated with these processes, explaining how and why they occur and how they are typically controlled. It makes extensive use of phase diagrams and cooling curves to illustrate the effects of alloying and quenching on beta-to-alpha transformations and the conditions that produce metastable phases. It also examines several time-temperature-transformation diagrams, which account for the effect of cooling rate.
Image
Published: 01 December 2018
Fig. 6.16 Typical microstructures of low-carbon steel boiler tube samples showing (a) elongated grains near tensile rupture resulting from rapid overheating below the recrystallization temperature, 200×; and (b) mixed structure near rupture resulting from rapid overheating between Ac 1 and Ac
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Image
in Conventional Heat Treatments—Usual Constituents and Their Formation
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 9.66 Formation of pro-eutectoid allotriomorphic ferrite in medium carbon steel containing C = 0.5% and Mn = 1.5% isothermally transformed at (a) 723 °C (1335 °F), (b) 688 °C (1270 °F), followed by quenching. Quenching was not sufficiently rapid to avoid the formation of a thin layer
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Image
Published: 01 August 2015
Fig. 5.17 IT diagram and cooling curve for 4340 steel: effect of section size. (a) The cooling curve for a 25.4 mm (1 in.) diam AISI 4340 steel bar in relation to the CCT curve for AISI 4340 steel. The cooling rate is sufficiently rapid to quench the entire bar to martensite. (b) A 76 mm (3
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Image
in Advanced Steels for Forming Operations
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
of the MA areas is revealed by a rapid tempering at 200 °C (390 °F) for 2 h ( Ref 9 ). Intercritical treatment at 750 °C (1380 °F) for 4 min followed by quenching and austempering at 375 °C (705 °F) (a) for 1 min (b) for 5 min. Ferrite (F), bainite (B), and retained austenite (A). SEM, SE. Etchant: nital
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Image
in Advanced Steels for Forming Operations
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
). The structure of the MA areas is revealed by a rapid tempering at 200 °C (390 °F) for 2 h ( Ref 9 ). (a) Treatment inside the critical zone at 750 °C (1380 °F) for 4 min followed by quenching and austempering at 375 °C (705 °F) for 3 min. Ferrite (F), martensite (M), and retained austenite (A). Etchant: nital
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Image
Published: 31 December 2020
Fig. 23 Upper critical temperature for annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered AISI 1042 steel as a function of rapid heating rate. Sources: Ref 21 , 22
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... and may vary between slow furnace cooling to rapid cooling by quenching in water. Fig. 11.3 Effect of cooling rate on microstructure. Source: Ref 1 11.1 Annealing The term annealing is a heat treatment in which a metal or alloy is heated to a certain high temperature and held...
Abstract
One of the primary advantages of steels is their ability to attain high strengths through heat treatment while still retaining some degree of ductility. Heat treatments can be used to not only harden steels but also to provide other useful combinations of properties, such as ductility, formability, and machinability. This chapter discusses various heat treatment processes, namely annealing, stress relieving, normalizing, spheroidizing, and hardening by austenitizing, quenching and tempering. It also discusses two types of interrupted quenching processes: martempering and austempering. The chapter concludes with a brief section on temper embrittlement.
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