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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... Abstract This chapter describes the mechanical properties of fully pearlitic microstructures and their suitability for wire and rail applications. It begins by describing the ever-increasing demands placed on rail steels and the manufacturing methods that have been developed in response...
Abstract
This chapter describes the mechanical properties of fully pearlitic microstructures and their suitability for wire and rail applications. It begins by describing the ever-increasing demands placed on rail steels and the manufacturing methods that have been developed in response. It then explains how wire drawing, patenting, and the Stelmor process affect microstructure, and describes various fracture mechanisms and how they appear on steel wire fracture surfaces. The chapter concludes by discussing the effects of torsional deformation, delamination, galvanizing, and aging on patented and drawn wires.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220519
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... and/or measurement techniques. It provides information on many types of engineering steel, including medium and high-carbon steels used in rail applications. It also examines the effect of nickel-phosphorus coatings on stainless steel and phosphate coatings used to reduce friction during thread rolling and other...
Abstract
This chapter examines the microstructure of special bar quality (or engineering) steels and how it is influenced by carbon content, tempering temperature, and prior austenitic grain size. It explains how some of the changes are difficult to detect and require special etching and/or measurement techniques. It provides information on many types of engineering steel, including medium and high-carbon steels used in rail applications. It also examines the effect of nickel-phosphorus coatings on stainless steel and phosphate coatings used to reduce friction during thread rolling and other such procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... milestones as aluminum penetrated truck, bus, and rail applications to the present day: 1894: The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad built lightweight cars with aluminum seat frames 1905: First U.K. rail application (suburban line from Southport to Liverpool) 1910: Paris bus and Metro...
Abstract
A large portion of cast and wrought product production is directed to the ground transportation market. Aluminum castings, extrusions, forgings, and rolled products all find wide application for trucks, trains, subways, and buses and are discussed in this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... and the classifications, designations, and grades of available product forms. It also explains how aluminum alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, rail, and marine applications as well as in building and construction, electrical products, manufacturing equipment, packaging, and consumer durables such as appliances...
Abstract
Aluminum is the second most widely used metal in the world. It is readily available, offers a wide range of properties, and can be shaped, coated, and joined using a variety of methods. This chapter discusses some of the key attributes of wrought and cast aluminum alloys and the classifications, designations, and grades of available product forms. It also explains how aluminum alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, rail, and marine applications as well as in building and construction, electrical products, manufacturing equipment, packaging, and consumer durables such as appliances and furniture.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Abstract This chapter is a detailed account of the applications of stainless steel in automotive and transport systems. The discussion covers exhaust systems, structural components, automotive components, trucks, and rail transport. stainless steel automotive exhaust systems automotive...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of the applications of stainless steel in automotive and transport systems. The discussion covers exhaust systems, structural components, automotive components, trucks, and rail transport.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.edfatr.t56090091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-462-8
... Abstract An architectural shift to buried power rails (BPRs) with backside power delivery (BPD) is on the horizon as CMOS technology approaches the 2 nm node. The obstruction created by the presence of BPD networks obsoletes many of the electrical fault isolation (EFI) techniques that have been...
Abstract
An architectural shift to buried power rails (BPRs) with backside power delivery (BPD) is on the horizon as CMOS technology approaches the 2 nm node. The obstruction created by the presence of BPD networks obsoletes many of the electrical fault isolation (EFI) techniques that have been used for the past few decades and severely degrades the performance of others. This chapter provides an overview of EFI methods that are still applicable to ICs with BPD networks, including e-beam and atomic force probing, x-ray and magnetic field imaging, and lock-in thermography. It assesses the technical challenges of each method as well as the potential for improvement.
Image
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 2.73 Application of extruded sections in AlMgSi0.5 for transport systems in production applications and warehouses. (a) A multicore hollow section for the rail of the overhead conveyor of an assembly line (Alusuisse, Cie Francais des Convoyeurs) and (b) part of a transport line
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340413
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
.... In the construction field and other outdoor applications, aluminum extruded shapes find uses in sunshades, louvers, canopies, archways, scaffolding, railings, roadside safety equipment, and bleachers, benches, and seats for sports stadiums. They are integral to safety and comfort at parks, golf courses, bicycle...
Abstract
This chapter presents examples of aluminum infrastructure applications and their benefits to society. Infrastructure applications covered within this chapter include: electrical conductors; roads and bridges; highway signs, traffic signals, and license plates; railroad and highway crossings; solar energy generation; and agriculture and industrial applications.
Image
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 13.6 1953 London Underground (a) rail cars with unpainted exteriors. (b) Interior showing the application of extruded sections. Source: Ref 13.15
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
...,” and 12, “Low-Carbon Steels,” and the properties of fully pearlitic microstructures in high-carbon steels are discussed in Chapter 15, “High-Carbon Steels—Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Wire and Rail Applications.” Thermal treatments that produce dispersions of spherical cementite particles...
Abstract
This chapter describes heat treatments that produce uniform grain structures, reduce residual stresses, and improve ductility and machinability. It also discusses spheroidizing treatments that improve strength and toughness by promoting dispersions of spherical carbides in a ferrite matrix. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the mechanical properties of ferrite/pearlite microstructures in medium-carbon steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... shear strength of 46 MPa (6.7 ksi) and an adhesion/cohesion strength of 55 MPa (8 ksi) were obtained in the HPCS layer for this application. Fig. 9.21 Experimental setup for developing and validating the missile rail repair. Courtesy of South Dakota School of Mines and Technology...
Abstract
High-pressure cold spray repair process has been used on a number of different applications in the defense industry. This chapter describes various applications for cold spray systems that have operating pressures greater than 2.4 MPa (350 psi) and operating temperatures greater than 500 deg C (930 deg F).
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... of a wagon is more important than the load-carrying capacity. Consequently, the application of aluminum alloys is usually limited to movable components as described previously. Bulk goods transport by rail has only a limited role in Europe. This differs in other countries, including Australia, Canada...
Abstract
The hot-working process extrusion is used to produce semifinished products in the form of bar, strip, and solid sections, as well as tubes and hollow sections. The first part of this chapter describes the composition, properties, and applications of tin and lead extruded products with a deformation temperature range of 0 to 300 deg C and magnesium and aluminum extruded products with a working temperature range of 300 to 600 deg C. The second part focuses on copper alloy extruded products, extruded titanium alloy products, and extruded products in iron alloys with a working temperature range of 600 to 1300 deg C.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... °C (5600 °F). The most common application of the process is the welding of rail sections into continuous lengths ( Fig. 4.15 ). It is an effective way to minimize the number of bolted joints in the track structure. The thermit welding of rails, including a short preheat, involves these basic...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fusion welding processes, namely oxyfuel gas welding, oxyacetylene braze welding, stud welding (stud arc welding and capacitor discharge stud welding), high-frequency welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, hybrid laser arc welding, and thermit welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410313
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... for applications that include bumpers, rails, roofs, and battery enclosures for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The use of microalloying, microstructure manipulation, and grain refinement can be used to optimize the mechanical properties of new and existing multiphase advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) grades...
Abstract
This chapter discusses ultra-high-strength steels (UHSS) and gigapascal (GPa) steels and discusses the global formability diagram.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... process. Later, Champion served as a witness for Kelly during an interference ruling at the U.S. Patent Office on an American patent application. The second location of experimental work on making steel from cast iron was in England under Henry Bessemer ( FIG. 3.2 ). Bessemer was an experienced...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the evolution of steel production from 1870 to 1900. It begins with a review of the life of the inventor of the air-boiling process, William Kelly. This is followed by a discussion on how Bessemer's air-blowing process entered the steel production industry and the development of the Kelly-Bessemer process by Alexander Holley. The chapter then discusses how Andrew Carnegie lowered the cost to produce steel, how he entered the iron and steelmaking industry, and how Captain Billy Jones joined Carnegie to expand Carnegie steel. The chapter further provides information on the great strike of 1892 at Homestead and the rapid growth in steel markets. It ends with a discussion about the factors that led Carnegie to sell his steel empire.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... Abstract This chapter reviews the nomenclature of different vehicle components helpful in identifying the target applications and discusses the implementation of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) in automotive and nonautomotive industries. In addition, the chapter provides information...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the nomenclature of different vehicle components helpful in identifying the target applications and discusses the implementation of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) in automotive and nonautomotive industries. In addition, the chapter provides information on the utilization and trends of AHSS in vehicle bodies and closures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpp.t59380017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-456-7
... such as rails, which support the workpieces on fixtures or in boxes, pier caps, and tube supports. Fig. 2.3 Cross section of large continuous type of construction heat treating furnace. Source: Ref 1 Furnaces constructed as shown in Fig. 2.3 are adaptable to a number of heat treating...
Abstract
This chapter details the types of heat treating furnaces. It discusses energy sources and modes of heat transmission. The chapter’s focus is on the different types of batch furnaces and continuous furnaces, including box furnaces, integral-quench batch furnaces, pit furnaces, furnaces for heat treating with fluidized beds, and straight chamber continuous furnaces.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) System Another system was devised by ASTM. This system is not based on composition but on the steel product and application, for example, railroad rails, boiler tubes, plate, and bolts. ASTM has devised a system of specifications that contain composition...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the metallographer to the various types of steels and cast irons and explains how they are classified and defined. Classification and designation details are provided for plain carbon steels, alloy steels, and gray, white, ductile, and malleable cast irons.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... such as generic system designs, fixture materials, and special electrical problems to be avoided are summarized first. This discussion is followed by a description of typical materials-handling concepts and illustrations of specific applications. Basic Considerations in Materials Handling...
Abstract
Because of its speed and ease of control, induction heating can be readily automated and integrated with other processing steps such as forming, quenching, and joining. Completely automated heating/handling/control systems have been developed and are offered by induction equipment manufacturers. This chapter deals with materials handling and automation. First, it summarizes basic considerations such as generic system designs, fixture materials, and special electrical problems to be avoided. Next, it describes and provides examples of materials-handling systems in induction billet heating, bar heating, heat treatment, soldering, brazing, and other induction-based processes. The final section discusses the use of robots for parts handling in induction heating systems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... in the other; and (4) the sensitivity they exhibit to temperature and moisture. Testing is used for many purposes, such as characterization of new materials and processes, development of design allowables, qualification of materials for specific applications, and quality control of production processes...
Abstract
This chapter discusses composite testing procedures, including tension, compression, shear, flexure, and fracture toughness testing as well as adhesive shear, peel, and honeycomb flatwise tension testing. It also discusses specimen preparation, environmental conditioning, and data analysis.
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