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quenching
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
...Suggested carbon-content limits for water, brine, and caustic quenching Table 4 Suggested carbon-content limits for water, brine, and caustic quenching Shapes Maximum carbon content, % Furnace hardening General use 0.30 Simple shapes 0.35 Very simple shapes (e.g., bars...
Abstract
The decomposition of austenite, during controlled cooling or quenching, produces a wide variety of microstructures in response to such factors as steel composition, temperature of transformation, and cooling rate. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the isothermal transformation and continuous cooling transformation diagrams that characterize the conditions that produce the various microstructures. It discusses the mechanism and process variables of quenching of steel, explaining the factors involved in the mechanism of quenching. In addition, the chapter provides information on the causes and characteristics of residual stresses, distortion, and quench cracking of steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... Fig. 6.1 Photo sequence of a hot steel rod being quenched in a 25% polyalkylene glycol polymer in water solution. (a) When the rod is immersed, a polymer film forms on its surface. (b) After 15 s, polymer activates and begins to boil. (c) After 25 s, boiling occurs over the entire rod...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the quenching process and its adaptation to induction heat treating. It describes the three stages of quenching, the cooling characteristics of various types of quenchants, and the details of nearly a dozen compatible quenching methods. It also explains how to verify whether a quenchant can cool a workpiece fast enough to achieve martensitic transformation without cracking or distortion.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... P S Cr Ni Mo Cu AISI 4140 0.38–0.43 0.75–1.00 0.15–0.35 0.035 0.040 0.80–1.10 0.25 0.15–0.25 0.35 Sample 0.44 0.97 0.24 0.012 0.016 1.06 0.12 0.19 0.18 Suggested carbon content limits for water, brine, and caustic quenching Table 6 Suggested carbon content...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental material- and process-related parameters of quenching on residual stress, distortion control, and cracking. It begins with a description of phase transformations during heating and quenching of steel. This is followed by a section on the effects of materials and quench process design on distortion of steel during heat treating. Details on stress raisers and their role in quench cracking are then presented. The chapter ends with various selected case histories of failures attributed to the quenching process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
...Abstract Abstract Quenching is a critical step in the production of hardened steel. This chapter untangles some of the complexities of the quenching process and its effect on the microstructure and properties of various steels. Making extensive use of cooling curves, it sheds light...
Abstract
Quenching is a critical step in the production of hardened steel. This chapter untangles some of the complexities of the quenching process and its effect on the microstructure and properties of various steels. Making extensive use of cooling curves, it sheds light on the transformations that occur at different cooling rates and the extent to which they can be changed by adjusting quench parameters. It discusses the role of quenching in martempering and austempering along with related problems such as cracking and distortion and the challenges posed by low-hardenability steels. It also discusses the use of various quenchants, including oil, polymer, and molten salt, and explains how to measure and compare their performance using a standard (ISO 9950) test.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
...Typical range of H values for different quenchants Table 4-2 Typical range of H values for different quenchants (a) Circulation or agitation H-value or quenching power Oil Water Caustic soda or brine None 0.25 to 0.30 0.9 to 1.0 2 Mild 0.30 to 0.35 1.0 to 1.1 2 to 2.2...
Abstract
This chapter examines the cooling of steels from the austenite region. It describes the processes of determining the severity of quench. The chapter examines the methods to estimate the quench required if the size and shape of the part are known and the required cooling rate is known. The cooling rate correlation is used to calculate the hardness distribution across the diameter of cylinders. The calculations are used to illustrate the sensitivity of the hardness distribution to the severity of quench and the hardenability. The chapter discusses the methods of determining cooling rates in quenched steel components. It describes the formation of residual stresses in materials in which no phase change occurs on cooling. The chapter also examines the effect on the residual stresses of the phase changes in austenite. It provides information on two types of quench cracks in quenched steels, namely, microcracking and gross cracking during quenching.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
...Quench manifold size required for inlets to quench ring Table A4.1 Quench manifold size required for inlets to quench ring Inlet diam. (in.) Number of inlets versus manifold size (in.) 1 2 3 4 5 ¼ ¼ ⅜ ½ ¾ ¾ ⅜ ⅜ ¾ ¾ 1 1¼ ½ ½ ¾ 1 1 1 ¾ ¾ 1¼ 1¼ 1½ 2...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
...,” describe the mechanical behavior of quenched and tempered steels largely in terms of hardness. Hardness measurements are a powerful, essentially nondestructive, easily applied quality-control technique for heat treated steels and correlate well with the response of steels to heat treatment. Although...
Abstract
Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite in low-carbon steels. It also discusses the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation properties of medium-carbon steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... 845 1550 4817H 845 1550 4820H 845 1550 8625H 870 1600 8627H 870 1600 9310H 845 1550 Relationship between tempering temperature and “as-quenched” hardness for several steels for both induction hardening and furnace quenched parts Table 7 Relationship between...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes involved in the heat treatment of steel, namely austenitizing, hardening, quenching, and tempering. It begins with an overview of austenitizing of steels by induction heating, followed by a discussion on the processes involved in transformation of the soft austenite into martensite or lower bainite in the hardening operation. The chapter provides information on various quenching systems and a description of quenching techniques, namely austempering, martempering, and patenting. Difficulties associated with hardening of steel are discussed. Further, the chapter describes the equipment used for and principal variables of tempering. It discusses the causes for various forms of embrittlement due to tempering. Information on multiple tempering, protective-atmosphere tempering, and selective tempering are also provided, along with processes involved in selection of tempering temperature. The chapter ends with a section discussing various effects, advantages, and disadvantages of precipitation hardening.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
...Abstract Abstract Unlike conventional quench and temper heat treatment, austempering is an iron and steel heat-treatment process that enhances mechanical properties through the isothermal transformation of austenite with a minimum amount of quenching stresses. This chapter begins...
Abstract
Unlike conventional quench and temper heat treatment, austempering is an iron and steel heat-treatment process that enhances mechanical properties through the isothermal transformation of austenite with a minimum amount of quenching stresses. This chapter begins with a discussion of austemperability requirements. Then outlines of austenitizing and austempering cycles and resultant microstructures are presented. This is followed by sections discussing the mechanical properties, advantages, limitations, machinability, process variants, and applications of austempered ductile iron (ADI). Information on the growth of premachined ADI components is also provided. Further, the chapter describes two slightly different systems for austempering: atmospheric-salt and salt-salt systems. Finally, it presents general guidelines for component designers, casting manufacturers, and heat treaters to apply ADI more widely and with improved success.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... the tempering temperature used after quenching. Full annealing Heating 30–50 °C (55–90 °F) above Ac 3 for hypoeutectoid steels, then furnace cooling through the critical temperature range at a specified cooling rate. The aim is to break the continuous carbide network of high-carbon steels. It improves...
Abstract
Heat treatment of steel involves a number of processes to condition the microstructure and obtain desired properties. This includes various methods namely, annealing, normalizing, and hardening by quenching and tempering. This chapter focuses on general heat treatment procedures and the applications of particular types or grades of carbon and low-alloy steels. The discussion covers carbon steel classification for heat treating, tempering of quenched carbon steels, and austempering of steel. In addition, the chapter discusses the effects of alloying and hardenability on steel and provides information on martempering of steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
...% 98xx Ni 1.00%, Cr 0.80%, Mo 0.25% Quenching severity for different quenchants compared to water Table 10.2 Quenching severity for different quenchants compared to water Quenching medium Severity of quench (H) Oil, no agitation 0.2 Oil, moderate agitation 0.5 Oil...
Abstract
This chapter provides a practical understanding of heat treatments and how to employ them to optimize the properties and structures of cast irons and steels. It discusses annealing, normalizing, quenching, tempering, patenting, carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing. It describes the primary objectives of each treatment along with processing sequences, process parameters, and related phase transformations. The chapter contains more than 100 images, including time-temperature diagrams, transformation curves, data plots, and detailed micro- and macrographs. It also discusses the concepts of hardenability, critical diameter, quench severity, and Jominy testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
...Abstract Abstract Induction and flame hardening are methods of hardening the surfaces of components, usually in selected areas, by the short-time application of high-intensity heating followed by quenching. These processes are used when gear teeth require high hardness, but size...
Abstract
Induction and flame hardening are methods of hardening the surfaces of components, usually in selected areas, by the short-time application of high-intensity heating followed by quenching. These processes are used when gear teeth require high hardness, but size or configuration does not lend itself to carburizing and quenching the entire part. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the induction and flame hardening, covering the applicable materials, hardening patterns, preheat treatment, quenching, tempering, surface hardness, case depth, hardening problems, dual-frequency process, and applications.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... Excentricity of hardened layer ( e ), mm Depth ( z ), mm Temperature prior to quenching used in Hook’s model ( T k ), °C Yield stress of martensite ( R 0.2 , ( T K ) K ) , N/mm 2 Resultant stress after hardening and grinding (σ R ( T 0 )), N/mm 2 0.594 3.156 343...
Abstract
Induction heating, in most applications, is used to selectively heat only a portion of the workpiece that requires treatment. This chapter covers the basic principles, features, and metallurgical aspects of induction heating. The discussion includes the conditions required for induction heating and quenching, the use of magnetic flux concentrators to improve the efficiency of surface heating, and the quenching systems used for induction hardening. The discussion also provides information on time-temperature dependence in induction heating, workpiece distortion in induction surface hardening, residual stresses after induction surface hardening and finish grinding, and input and output control of steel for induction surface hardening of gears.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
..., such as ductility, formability, and machinability. This chapter discusses various heat treatment processes, namely annealing, stress relieving, normalizing, spheroidizing, and hardening by austenitizing, quenching and tempering. It also discusses two types of interrupted quenching processes: martempering...
Abstract
One of the primary advantages of steels is their ability to attain high strengths through heat treatment while still retaining some degree of ductility. Heat treatments can be used to not only harden steels but also to provide other useful combinations of properties, such as ductility, formability, and machinability. This chapter discusses various heat treatment processes, namely annealing, stress relieving, normalizing, spheroidizing, and hardening by austenitizing, quenching and tempering. It also discusses two types of interrupted quenching processes: martempering and austempering. The chapter concludes with a brief section on temper embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
... diameter Fig. 10-5 (Part 1) Calculated Jominy curves for various variables Fig. 10-5 (Part 2) Calculated Jominy curves for various variables Fig. 10-6 (a) Hardenability bands for five steels, and (b) cooling rate correlations at the center of cylinders when quenched...
Abstract
This chapter contains problems that illustrate the calculation or determination of such items as ideal critical diameter, the Jominy curve, and the severity of quench by methods. It presents solutions for the calculation of the effect of prior austenite grain size, carbon content, chromium content, and molybdenum content on ideal critical diameter. The chapter also contains solutions for calculation of Jominy curves and determination of minimum hardness of quenched steels, tempered hardness, ideal critical diameter, severity of quench, heat treatment, and effect of tempering during heat-up to tempering temperature.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
...Abstract Abstract Through-hardening heat treatment is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. In through hardening, gears are first heated to a required temperature and then cooled either in the furnace or quenched in air, gas, or liquid. Four heat treatment methods...
Abstract
Through-hardening heat treatment is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. In through hardening, gears are first heated to a required temperature and then cooled either in the furnace or quenched in air, gas, or liquid. Four heat treatment methods are primarily used for through-hardened gears: annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter begins with a discussion of these through-hardening processes. This is followed by sections providing some factors affecting the design and hardness levels of through-hardened gears. Next, the chapter reviews the considerations related to distortion of through-hardened gears. It then discusses the applications of through-hardened gears. Finally, the chapter presents a case history of the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., and conversion coatings. The processing steps that can have relatively significant impact on corrosion resistance are homogenization, rolling, extrusion, quenching, aging, and annealing. chemical composition corrosion resistance aluminum aluminum alloys claddings anodizing conversion coatings...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the general effects of composition, mechanical treatment, surface treatment, processing, and fabrication operations on the corrosion resistance of aluminum and its alloys. Different types of surface treatments covered include claddings, anodizing, and conversion coatings. The processing steps that can have relatively significant impact on corrosion resistance are homogenization, rolling, extrusion, quenching, aging, and annealing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... associated with these processes, explaining how and why they occur and how they are typically controlled. It makes extensive use of phase diagrams and cooling curves to illustrate the effects of alloying and quenching on beta-to-alpha transformations and the conditions that produce metastable phases. It also...
Abstract
Titanium alloys respond well to heat treatment be it to increase strength (age hardening), reduce residual stresses, or minimize tradeoffs in ductility, machinability, and dimensional and structural stability (annealing). This chapter describes the phase transformations associated with these processes, explaining how and why they occur and how they are typically controlled. It makes extensive use of phase diagrams and cooling curves to illustrate the effects of alloying and quenching on beta-to-alpha transformations and the conditions that produce metastable phases. It also examines several time-temperature-transformation diagrams, which account for the effect of cooling rate.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... 600–2400 Excellent thermal uniformity and atmosphere control Rotating hearths available Rapid heating and quenching Low dew points Manual transfer of parts Limited effective hearth area Poor use of space Headroom requirements Integral quench (IQ) furnaces 540–1120 1000–2050 Flexibility...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the types, methods, and advantages of heat treating procedures, including annealing, normalizing, tempering, and case hardening. It describes the iron-carbon system, the formation of equilibrium and metastable phases, and the effect of alloy elements on hardenability and tempering response. It discusses the significance of critical temperatures, the use of transformation diagrams, and types of annealing treatments. It also provides information on heat treating furnaces, the effect of heating rate on transformation temperatures, quench and temper procedures, and the use of cold treating.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
...Abstract Abstract This appendix lists the readings of specified hardness limits for H-steels, along with graphs showing the distance from the quenched surface against hardness values. This appendix is a series of tables and graphs giving hardenability bands for H-steels. Reprinted from...