Search Results for protective clothing

Beryllium-related lung diseases were first reported in the 1930s, several years after the emergence of beryllium metals in manufactured products. Since then, there have been numerous studies around the world and continued refinement of recommendations and safety standards. This chapter provides a summary of the studies that have been conducted along with the findings. It discusses the effects of acute and chronic exposure, toxicity levels, potential sources and risks, treatment, and protective and preventive measures.

Examining and evaluating the nitrided case is generally accomplished by hardness testing and microscopic examination. This chapter discusses both characterization methods, as well as sample preparation. The chapter also discusses the processes involved in the etching of the sample after microhardness testing and provides practices that contribute to the safe preparation of specimens. Examples of nitrided case microstructures, using optical light microscopy, are also presented.

This chapter instructs the metallographer on the basic skills required to prepare a polished metallographic specimen. It is organized in a chronological sequence starting with the information-gathering process on the material being investigated, then moving on to sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing processes, and ending with methods used to properly store metallographic specimens. The discussion covers the preparation procedures, the materials being investigated, and equipment used to perform these procedures.

Increasing growth of high-pressure cold spraying applications on the industrial scale have forced global powder producers to face this challenge and develop specific powders for cold spray applications. This chapter provides information on the properties, classification, characteristics, manufacturing, and procedures for packaging of powders specific to cold spray applications.

This chapter discusses the important role of metallography and the metallographer in predicting and understanding the properties of metals and alloys. Examples are presented of a metallographer working as part of a team in a research laboratory of a large steel company and a metallographer working alone at a small iron foundry. The three basic areas in all metallography laboratories are discussed: the specimen preparation area, the polishing/etching area, and the observation/micrography area. Important safety issues in a metallographic laboratory are also considered.

This chapter explains how to prepare metallographic samples for light microscopy and how to anticipate and avoid related problems. It describes standard practices and procedures for sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing and identifies common defects along with their causes and cures. It also provides recommendations for handling specific materials and addresses safety concerns.

Cross-sectioning is a technique used for process development and reverse engineering. This article introduces novice analysts to the methods of cross-sectioning semiconductor devices and provides a refresher for the more experienced analysts. Topics covered include encapsulated (potted) device sectioning techniques, non-encapsulated device techniques, utilization of the focused ion beam (FIB) making a cross-section and/or enhancing a physically polished one. Delineation methods for revealing structures are also discussed. These can be chemical etchants, chemo-mechanical polishing, and ion milling, either in the FIB or in a dedicated ion mill.

This chapter discusses the properties and processing characteristics of glass, aramid, carbon, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers and related product forms, including woven fabrics, prepreg, and reinforced mats. It also includes a review of fiber terminology as well as physical and mechanical property data for commercially important high-strength fibers.

This chapter describes the methods and equipment applicable to metallographic studies and discusses the preparation of specimens for examination by light optical microscopy. Five major operations for preparation of metallographic specimens are discussed: sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The discussion covers their basic principles, advantages, types, and applications, as well as the equipment setup. The chapter includes tables that list etchants used for microscopic examination. It also provides information on microscopic examination, microphotography, and the effects of grain size on the structural properties of the material.

This chapter covers regulatory requirements, safe handling practices, hazard analysis and control, dismantling and decommissioning, and waste disposal. It also includes references for additional information on government regulations.

This chapter explains how polymeric adhesives are applied to composite as well as metal parts, forming bonded structures. It describes surface preparation practices and techniques, epoxy selection and use, and bonding procedures.

This article describes in detail the process of corrosion control by cathodic and anodic protection. The discussion covers the basic concept of cathodic and anodic protection systems, their types and equipment used, and the advantages, limitations, and applications of these protection systems. The types of cathodic protection systems include sacrificial cathodic protection and impressed-current cathodic protection systems. Some of the technical problems associated with cathodic protection include the effects of stray currents on the corrosion of adjacent metal structures, the effects of the chemical reactions occurring at the surface of the protected structure, and the effects of cathodic protection on coatings.

This chapter discusses recycling processes used for metals, plastics, rubber, glass, and paper. Is also describes the advantages of recycled materials.

The case for using stainless steel in appliances of all types, whether they are commercial or residential, relates to it being able to provide the best value over the intended service life. This chapter describes some of the qualities in any material considered for food contact, namely chemical neutrality, biological neutrality, and cleanliness. A vast majority of stainless steel applications in commercial and residential equipment are also discussed.

This chapter covers a wide range of finishing and coating operations, including cleaning, honing, polishing and buffing, and lapping. It discusses the use of rust-preventative compounds, conversion coatings, and plating metals as well as weld overlay, thermal spray, and ceramic coatings and various pack cementation and deposition processes. It also discusses the selection and use of industrial paints and paint application methods.

This chapter explains how to prepare material samples for optical microscopy, the most common method for characterizing the microstructure of cast iron and steel. It provides information on sectioning, mounting, polishing, etching, and recording. It describes the nature of surface roughness, the factors that contribute to it, and its effect on image quality. It discusses the use of fixturing and holding devices, includes photographic examples of polishing defects and drying marks, and provides an overview of micrographic etchants and the features they reveal. It also describes the steps involved in replicating part surfaces.

This chapter discusses the primary methods used to repair composites, including fill repairs, injection repairs, bolted repairs, and bonded repairs. It also discusses issues associated with field repairs.

This appendix is a compilation of terms and definitions associated with the processing, microstructure, and properties of powder metal stainless steels.

This chapter examines the static, fatigue, and damage tolerance properties of glass, aramid, and carbon fiber systems. It also explains how delaminations, voids, porosity, fiber distortion, and fastener hole defects affect impact resistance and strength.