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Image
Published: 01 May 2018
FIG. 10.7 Albert Sauveur served most of his career as a professor of metallurgy at Harvard University. Source: National Academy of Sciences.
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Image
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 5.33 Interlath retained austenite, the thin linear features, in a steel containing 0.06 wt% carbon. Dark-field transmisson electron micrograph. Courtesy of Professor Steven Thompson, Colorado School of Mines
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Image
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 5.29 Map of blocks, each with internal crystallographic misorientations of the martensitic crystals within the blocks of less than 10 degrees, in as-quenched low-carbon steel. Inverse pole figure map obtained from FE-SEM/EBSD analysis. Courtesy of Professor N. Tsuji, Kyoto University
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
.... Mansfield Merriman, a graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and a professor of civil engineering at Lehigh College, and Edgar Marburg, a professor of civil engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, were among those who held meetings in Philadelphia in 1898 to address these problems...
Abstract
In 1924, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) organized the symposium "Corrosion and Heat Resisting Alloys, and Electrical Resistance Alloys." It was the beginning of a major role that ASTM played in the history of stainless steel. This chapter provides information on the papers presented at the 1924 symposium. It also describes the role of ASTM in stainless steel standardization after the 1924 symposium.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... metallurgy. He later accepted a professorship at Columbia University and was the first professor of metallurgy in the School of Mining Engineering in 1897. Howe was born in 1848 to parents who were well known in Boston’s intellectual circles. His father, Samuel Howe, was a physician who established...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... Normung (DIN), the German Institute for Standardization 1924 In the frame of the Standards Committee of German Industry, the DVM took on the authority for the field of materials testing standardization. 1946 DIN’s letter to Professor Siebel regarding the foundation of a “Standards Committee...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the general principles involved in codifying standards and describes the historical development of materials testing standards. It provides information on the standards related to the Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell, and Knoop methods as well as those for the instrumented indentation test and hardness conversions.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.9781627082877
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... was done to develop a more fundamental understanding of the materials. A young professor of metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Morris Cohen, set about to develop an understanding of the nature of the tempering of high-speed steel ( FIG. 6.8 ). Starting in 1939, studies were...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of the development of tool steel technology. It begins with a record of steelmaking in ancient and medieval times. The crucible melting process involved in making steel is then discussed. This is followed by a description of the increasing use of alloys for tool steels. The chapter provides information on the research investigations into the metallurgy of high-speed tool steels at MIT, Union Carbide, and Carbon Laboratories. The major research effort involved in substituting molybdenum for tungsten in high-speed tool steels is discussed. The chapter also describes the role of the Cleveland Twist Drill Company as the first adopter of molybdenum high-speed steel. It ends with a discussion on the advanced work on high-speed steels by Swedish researchers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... that showed that martensite was not a simple bcc structure as reported by Bain but a distorted structure called tetragonal. Professor E.D. Campbell of the University of Michigan was a chemist-turned-metallographer who was blinded early in his career by a laboratory accident. The prestigious annual Campbell...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of engineering alloy steels, namely chromium, nickel, and nickel-chromium alloy steels. The discussion includes the automotive demand and development of specifications for the alloy steels. It also covers various research on heat treatment of alloy steels, providing information on hardening, transformation of austenite, hardenability testing, and tempering of as-quenched martensite.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... to cyanate and the liberation of nitrogen within the salt for diffusion into the steel surface. Salt bath nitriding is described in greater detail in Chapter 6 . Professor Homerberg was an associate professor of metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and consulted for the Ludlum Steel...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the metallurgical considerations and process requirements of nitriding. It presents the pioneering work of Adolph Machlet and Adolph Fry and presents early developments. One such development is the Floe process, a two-stage treatment used to reduce the formation of a compound layer on the surface of a nitrided steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... and friction control, the relationship between viscosity and breakaway friction, and the factors that affect load-carrying capacity and service life. friction control industrial greases liquid lubricants solid-film lubricants DUNCAN DOWSON, a distinguished professor at the University...
Abstract
This chapter covers the tribological properties of different types of oil, greases, solid lubricants, and metalworking and traction fluids. It explains how lubricants are made, how they work, and how they are applied and tested. It also discusses the fundamentals of lubrication and friction control, the relationship between viscosity and breakaway friction, and the factors that affect load-carrying capacity and service life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
..., prior to his research with Strauss at Krupp, Maurer worked on his doctorate under Osmond on the heat treatment of high-chromium steels. Maurer discovered proper heat treatments. Beginning in 1904, Léon Guillet (1873–1946), professor of metallurgy and metal processing at the Conservatoire des Arts et...
Abstract
This chapter briefly describes the early discoveries of the key ingredients of and alloys of stainless steel that occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries and the advancement that happened in the early part of the 20th century. The key ingredient and alloys covered include iron-chromium alloys, acid- and weather-resistant alloy, ferrochromium, martensitic stainless steel, chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels, and ferritic chromium stainless steel. Information on the early discoverers and pioneers of stainless steel is also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... that the melting point of titanium was about 1800 to 1850 °C (3270 to 3360 °F), not 6000 °C (10,830 °F) as previously thought. At this point, General Electric lost interest and Hunter moved on to nearby Troy, New York, to become a professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), where he spent the rest of his...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of the history of development of titanium and its modern applications in the aerospace market. It begins by discussing the attempts made to produce titanium metal. This is followed by a discussion on the invention of a process for making titanium by William Kroll. Various studies on the properties on titanium and research programs related to the production of titanium sponge and titanium metal products are then described. The chapter concludes with a discussion of titanium use in jet engines.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... No. 23,681 is issued to La Societé Anonyme de la Neo-Metallurgie for rustless medium-carbon steel. 1904 : Leon B. Guillet, Professor of Metallurgy and Metal Processing at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, publishes a series of research articles on iron-chromium alloys having carbon contents...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the technological milestones of the early 20th century, including the invention of tungsten carbide tool steel, the use of age-hardening aluminum in the Wright Flyer , the development of a new heat treating process for aluminum alloys, and Ford’s pioneering use of weight-saving vanadium alloys in Model T cars. It explains how interest in chromium alloys spread throughout the world, spurring the development of commercial stainless steels. The chapter concludes with a bullet point timeline of early 20th century achievements and a brief assessment of more recent innovations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... psi and higher for tools and bearings. Hardened alloy steel is thus a metal of enormous versatility. Meanwhile, a discovery beyond the field of metallurgy occurred during these early times. An American research professor named Josiah Willard Gibbs ( FIG. 4.2 ), at Yale University, developed...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... directions at the same velocity via a direct exchange mechanism. However, Ernest Kirkendall, during a short career as a professor at Wayne State University, showed that this was not the case. He formed a diffusion couple by plating copper onto a bar of brass containing 30% Zn. In order to identify...
Abstract
Diffusion is the movement of atoms through the crystalline lattice. This chapter discusses the two main types of diffusion that can occur in solids: interstitial diffusion and substitutional diffusion. It describes Fick's first and second laws of diffusion, with emphasis on several applications of the latter. The chapter also provides information on the temperature dependence of diffusion, intrinsic diffusion coefficients (Kirkendall effect), and high diffusion paths.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... in the 1960s by Professor T. Endo ( Ref 1.10 ), known as the rainflow cycle-counting procedure, which simplifies the treatment of highly complex loading, is described and illustrated. The fatigue life equations are discussed in Chapter 3 . Fundamentally, life is dependent on the plastic strain...
Abstract
This chapter gives a brief overview of the role of fatigue in component failures. It presents examples of fatigue failures along with statistics on the causes and costs of fatigue damage in various industries. It also includes a chapter-by-chapter summary of the content in the book, noting that the book deals primarily with fatigue at temperatures below the creep range with high-temperature fatigue being treated in a companion publication.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
... in honor of the eminent English metallurgist Professor Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen, F.R.S. Howe suggested the term Osmondite for the same phase. According to the ISI Committee, austenite is More recent definitions (e.g., Ref 5 ) specify that austenite is face-centered-cubic (fcc) γ-iron...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of the nomenclature used to describe the constitution and structure of metals and alloys, particularly the phases observed in the microstructure of steel. It also points out some of the problems with current nomenclature and provides recommendations on how to avoid them.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... FE-SEM/EBSD analysis. Courtesy of Professor N. Tsuji, Kyoto University. Source: Ref 5.56 . The fine structure of lath martensite consists predominantly of a very high density of dislocations, often too high to be resolved even by electron microscopy of thin foils. However, Speich ( Ref 5.57...
Abstract
The formation of martensite is characterized by its athermal transformation kinetics, crystallographic features, and development of fine structure. This chapter describes the diffusionless, shear-type transformation of austenite to martensite and how it affects the morphology and microstructure of heat-treatable carbon steels. It also provides information on lath and plate martensite and how they differ in structure and deformation properties.