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Schematic diagrams of two powder consolidation methods. (a) Vacuum hot pres...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2012
Fig. 4.4 Schematic diagrams of two powder consolidation methods. (a) Vacuum hot pressing. In this method, a column of loose beryllium powders is compacted under vacuum by the pressure of opposed upper and lower punches (left). The billet is then brought to final density by simultaneous
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Book Chapter
Various Conventional and Advanced Sintering Methods to Consolidate Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... of minerals ( Ref 5.4 ). However, the materials community is especially indebted to Coolidge, who performed the groundbreaking work on consolidation of tungsten powders into filament by sintering ( Ref 5.4 ). In 1918, the first research article on sintering of ceramics was published by Ferguson ( Ref 5.5...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of sintering techniques and the microstructures and properties that can be achieved in different material systems. It covers conventional furnace sintering, microwave and laser sintering, hot and hot-isostatic pressing, and spark plasma sintering. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each method, the mechanisms involved, and the effect of sintering parameters on the density, grain size, and mechanical properties of titanium and tungsten heavy alloys, stainless steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, composites, and rare earth magnets.
Book Chapter
Fabrication and Finishing of Metal Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
..., and brazing. It also discusses powder consolidation, rolling, drawing and extrusion, and common forging methods. fabrication finishing forging forming joining material removal powder processing METAL PRODUCTS that are subjected to mechanical reduction operations subsequent to casting...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes involved in the fabrication of wrought and cast metal products. It discusses deformation processes including bending and forming, material removal processes such as milling, cutting, and grinding, and joining methods including welding, soldering, and brazing. It also discusses powder consolidation, rolling, drawing and extrusion, and common forging methods.
Book Chapter
Powder Metallurgy Processing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... to superalloys. It describes the gas, vacuum, and centrifugal atomization processes used to make commercial superalloy powders. It explains how the powders are consolidated into preforms or billets using hot isostatic pressing, extrusion, or a combination of the two. It also provides information on spray forming...
Abstract
Gas turbine disks made from nickel-base superalloys are often produced using powder metallurgy (P/M) techniques because the alloy compositions normally used are difficult or impractical to forge by conventional methods. This chapter discusses the P/M process and its application to superalloys. It describes the gas, vacuum, and centrifugal atomization processes used to make commercial superalloy powders. It explains how the powders are consolidated into preforms or billets using hot isostatic pressing, extrusion, or a combination of the two. It also provides information on spray forming and consolidation by atmospheric pressure, and includes a section on powder-based disk components, where it discusses the general advantages of P/M as well as the effects of inclusions, carbon contamination, and the formation of oxide and carbide films due to prior particle boundary conditions. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion on mechanically alloyed superalloy compositions, the product forms into which they are made, and some of the applications where they are used.
Book Chapter
How Does Powder Metallurgy Facilitate the Preparation of Intermetallics and High-Entropy Alloys?
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... strength phase evolution powder metallurgy shock consolidation POWDER METALLURGY (PM) has been a key player in the manufacturing sector since the 20th century, when PM principles played a significant role in fabricating tungsten filaments for incandescent lamps. Archaeological studies revealed...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the growing role of powder metallurgy in the production of intermetallic, Heusler, and high-entropy alloys. It reviews the challenges of producing these materials by conventional methods and the advantages of sinter-based PM techniques. It explains why PM processes are better suited for complex materials than casting and compares the properties of intermetallic, Heusler, and high-entropy alloys prepared by casting and powder-metal techniques.
Book Chapter
Fabrication of Bulk Components from Mechanically Alloyed Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... Abstract This chapter covers various consolidation techniques used in powder metallurgy, including laser sintering (pressureless sintering), hot pressing, high-pressure torsion, microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering, and pulse plasma sintering. It also discusses the effect of milling...
Abstract
This chapter covers various consolidation techniques used in powder metallurgy, including laser sintering (pressureless sintering), hot pressing, high-pressure torsion, microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering, and pulse plasma sintering. It also discusses the effect of milling parameters on mechanically alloyed powders, their consolidation characteristics, and the properties of bulk components.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... they are consolidated prior to sintering. It also compares and contrasts the properties of beryllium products made using different methods and provides composition and particle size data on commercially available powders. beryllium powder beryllium powder metallurgy sintering 19.1 Introduction Powder...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy plays a central role in the production of nearly all beryllium components. This chapter describes the primary steps in the powder metal process and the work that has been done to improve each one. It explains how beryllium powders are made and how they are consolidated prior to sintering. It also compares and contrasts the properties of beryllium products made using different methods and provides composition and particle size data on commercially available powders.
Book Chapter
Powder Metallurgy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, and atomizing processes used in powder production, discusses powder treatments, and describes consolidation techniques along with secondary operations used to obtain special properties or improve dimensional precision. It also discusses common defects such as ejection...
Abstract
This chapter covers the basic steps of the powder metallurgy process, including powder manufacture, powder blending, compacting, and sintering. It identifies important powder characteristics such as particle size, size distribution, particle shape, and purity. It compares and contrasts mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, and atomizing processes used in powder production, discusses powder treatments, and describes consolidation techniques along with secondary operations used to obtain special properties or improve dimensional precision. It also discusses common defects such as ejection cracks, density variations, and microlaminations.
Book Chapter
Beryllium
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... the properties, compositions, and processing characteristics of beryllium and its alloys. It provides information on powder production and consolidation, commercial designations and grades, wrought products, and forming processes. It also discusses the issue of corrosion, the use of protective treatments...
Abstract
Beryllium is an extraordinary metal with an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties. It has low density, high stiffness, and excellent dimensional stability. It is also transparent to x-rays and can be machined to extremely close tolerances. This chapter discusses the properties, compositions, and processing characteristics of beryllium and its alloys. It provides information on powder production and consolidation, commercial designations and grades, wrought products, and forming processes. It also discusses the issue of corrosion, the use of protective treatments and coatings, and health and safety concerns.
Book Chapter
Miscellaneous Nonferrous Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240597
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... coarse grains that are difficult to process, and attempts to refine them by alloying have been largely unsuccessful. A fine grain size is produced primarily by powder metallurgy (PM) techniques, from which it inherits the fine grain size (5 to 15 μm). Powder consolidation is done by vacuum hot pressing...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the compositions, properties, and applications of nonferrous metals, including zirconium, hafnium, beryllium, lead, tin, gold, silver, and platinum group metals. It also addresses fusible alloys and provides melting temperatures for several compositions.
Image
(a) Backscattered electron image of gas-atomized CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy al...
Available to Purchase
in How Does Powder Metallurgy Facilitate the Preparation of Intermetallics and High-Entropy Alloys?
> Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing: Fundamentals and Advancements
Published: 30 September 2024
Fig. 9.5 (a) Backscattered electron image of gas-atomized CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) powder. (b) Corresponding elemental mapping. (c) Pictures of the sample at different processing stages of consolidation. (d) Cross-sectional view of high-pressure torsion (HPT) consolidated disk. (e
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Book Chapter
Powder Metallurgy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... consolidation and shaping processes along with associated property data. fracture toughness powder metallurgy tensile properties titanium titanium alloys titanium powders FAR LESS TITANIUM is used in production applications than might be anticipated based on its performance durability. Special...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of producing titanium parts using powder metallurgy (PM) techniques. It compares the typical properties of wrought, cast, and PM titanium alloy products, addresses various manufacturing challenges, and describes several consolidation and shaping processes along with associated property data.
Book Chapter
Comparing the Microstructure of Components Prepared by Various Powder Metallurgy and Casting Methods
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... techniques. PM, powder metallurgy; P, pressure; DC, direct current Shu et al. prepared iron-base laminated metal composites (LMCs), Fe-4Ni-3Cr-0.5Mo-0.5C/Fe and 410/304L, by the PM route ( Ref 7.22 ). They consolidated the previously blended aforementioned compositions at 1250 and 1120 °C (2280...
Abstract
This chapter examines the microstructure of metallic components produced by casting and compares them with microstructures achieved by means of powder metallurgy. It shows how metals and alloys obtained by various processing routes differ in terms of grain size, secondary phases, oxide and carbide dispersions, porosity, dendritic formation, and properties such as hardness, toughness, tensile strength, and yield strength.
Image
Effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) temperature on the ultimate tensile ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 July 2009
Fig. 20.28 Effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) temperature on the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of three types of consolidated beryllium powders. The dotted line is for elongation; the solid line is for ultimate tensile strength; solid circles are for impact-ground powder
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Book Chapter
Ceramic Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... Abstract This chapter discusses the types of fibers and matrix materials used in ceramic matrix composites and the role of interfacial coatings. It describes the methods used to produce ceramic composites, including powder processing, slurry infiltration and consolidation, polymer infiltration...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the types of fibers and matrix materials used in ceramic matrix composites and the role of interfacial coatings. It describes the methods used to produce ceramic composites, including powder processing, slurry infiltration and consolidation, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, chemical vapor infiltration, directed metal oxidation, and liquid silicon infiltration.
Book Chapter
Precipitation Hardening
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging. precipitation...
Abstract
Precipitation hardening is used extensively to strengthen aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, beryllium-copper alloys, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This chapter discusses two types of particle strengthening: precipitation hardening, which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging.
Image
The friction stir extrusion process, illustrating a rotating die pressed in...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2023
Figure 10.14: The friction stir extrusion process, illustrating a rotating die pressed into a container filled with powder or machining chips/swarf. Frictional heating and pressure consolidate the powder and push the material through a die as shown.
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Book Chapter
Comparison of Additive Manufacturing and Powder Metallurgy Methods and Their Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... and condensate outside the processing chamber ( Ref 11.5 ). Laser powder-bed fusion used for metallic powder feedstock has two subsets depending on the nature of the powder consolidation process. Complete melting of the powder particles on a molecular level takes place during selective laser melting, giving rise...
Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the differences between powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing and explains how they influence the microstructure and properties of various alloys and the formation of defects in manufactured parts.
Image
(a) Microstructure of molybdenum powder sintered at 1900 °C (3450 °F) under...
Available to Purchase
in Comparing the Microstructure of Components Prepared by Various Powder Metallurgy and Casting Methods
> Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing: Fundamentals and Advancements
Published: 30 September 2024
Fig. 7.10 (a) Microstructure of molybdenum powder sintered at 1900 °C (3450 °F) under 70 MPa pressure for 30 min, showing a carbide layer on the surface. (b) Fractured surface of molybdenum consolidated at 1450 °C (2640 °F) under a load of 70 MPa with a holding time of 30 min. Source: Ref
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Book Chapter
Thermoplastic Composite Fabrication Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... of the product form used. For example, well-consolidated hot melt–impregnated tape can be successfully consolidated in very short times (minutes if not seconds), while woven powder coated or comingled prepregs require longer times for the resin to flow and impregnate the fibers. Occasionally, a process called...
Abstract
This chapter discusses thermoplastic composite fabrication processes and related equipment and procedures. The discussion covers consolidation and thermoforming operations as well as joining methods.
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