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postweld heat treatment
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in Petroleum Reactor Pressure-Vessel Materials for Hydrogen Service
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 7.27. Effect of postweld heat treatment (5 h) and temperature on the tensile properties of a welded joint in 2¼Cr-1Mo steel prepared by shielded metal-arc welding (hydrogen pressure, 30 MPa (4350 psi); hold time, 360 h) ( Ref 65 ).
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Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 9 Effect of postweld heat treatment (PWHT) on the tensile properties of the heat-affected zone in a carbon-manganese grade steel, (a) Effect of multiple PWHT at 600 °C (1110 °F). (b) Effect of PWHT time at 600 °C (111 0 °F). (c) Effect of PWHT temperature. Source: Ref 14
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Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 10 Effect of multiple postweld heat treatment (PWHT) cycles on the Charpy V-notch properties of the heat-affected zone in a carbon-manganese grade steel, (a) Weld 1; PWHT, 1 × 2h. (b) Weld 2; PWHT, 2 × 2h. (c) Weld 3; PWHT, 3 × 2h. Source: Ref 14
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Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 11 Effect of postweld heat treatment (PWHT) time at 600 °C (111 0 °F) on the Charpy V-notch properties of the heat-affected zone in a carbon-manganese grade steel, (a) Weld 5; PWHT time, 1 h. (b) Weld 1; PWHT time, 2 h. (c) Weld 6; PWHT time, 4 h. Source: Ref 14
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Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 12 Effect of postweld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature on the Charpy V-notch properties of the heat-affected zone in a carbon-manganese grade steel. (a) Weld 4, 550°C (1020 °F). (b) Weld 1, 600 °C (110°F). (c) Weld 7, 650°C (1200 °F). Source: Ref 14
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Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 14 Effect of multiple postweld heat treatment (PWHT) cycles on the hardness of welds in a carbon-manganese grade steel, (a) Weld 1; PWHX 1 × 2h. (b) Weld 2; PWHT, 2 × 2h. (c) Weld 3; PWHX 3 × 2h. HAZ, heat-affected zone. Source: Ref 14
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Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 15 Effect of postweld heat treatment (PWHT) time at 600 °C (1110 °F) on the hardness of welds in a carbon-manganese grade steel, (a) Weld 5, 1 h. (b) Weld 1, 2 h. (c) Weld 6, 4 h. HAZ, heat-affected zone. Source: Ref 14
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Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 16 Effect of postweld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature on the hardness of welds in a carbon-manganese grade steel, (a) Weld 4,550 °C (1020 °F). (b) Weld 1; 600 °C (110 °F). (c) Weld 7,650 °C (1200 °F). HAZ, heat-affected zone. Source: Ref 14
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... of welding phenomena that contribute to the overall understanding of titanium alloy welding metallurgy. These factors include alloy types, weldability, melting and solidification effects on weld microstructure, postweld heat treatment effects, structure/mechanical property/fracture relationships, and welding...
Abstract
This article discusses the fusion welding processes that are most widely used for joining titanium, namely, gas-tungsten arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, plasma arc welding, laser-beam welding, and electron-beam welding. It describes several important and interrelated aspects of welding phenomena that contribute to the overall understanding of titanium alloy welding metallurgy. These factors include alloy types, weldability, melting and solidification effects on weld microstructure, postweld heat treatment effects, structure/mechanical property/fracture relationships, and welding process application.
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... and heat-affected zone (HAZ), solid-state phase transformations during welding, control of toughness in the HAZ, the effects of preheating and postweld heat treatment, and weld discontinuities. This chapter provides information on the classification of steels and the welding characteristics of each class...
Abstract
Carbon and low-alloy steels are the most frequently welded metallic materials, and much of the welding metallurgy research has focused on this class of materials. Key metallurgical factors of interest include an understanding of the solidification of welds, microstructure of the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ), solid-state phase transformations during welding, control of toughness in the HAZ, the effects of preheating and postweld heat treatment, and weld discontinuities. This chapter provides information on the classification of steels and the welding characteristics of each class. It describes the issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The major forms of environmentally assisted cracking affecting weldment corrosion are covered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the effects of welding practice on weldment corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930329
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... alloys in terms of grain boundary precipitation, grain growth, and hot cracking in the heat-affected zone; fusion zone segregation and porosity; and postweld heat treatments. Next, the article analyzes the welding characteristics of dissimilar and clad materials. This is followed by sections summarizing...
Abstract
Nickel-base alloys are generally used in harsh environments that demand either corrosion resistance or high-temperature strength. This article first describes the general welding characteristics of nickel-base alloys. It then describes the weldability of solid-solution nickel-base alloys in terms of grain boundary precipitation, grain growth, and hot cracking in the heat-affected zone; fusion zone segregation and porosity; and postweld heat treatments. Next, the article analyzes the welding characteristics of dissimilar and clad materials. This is followed by sections summarizing the various types and general weldability of age-hardened nickel-base alloys. The article then discusses the composition, welding metallurgy, and properties of cast nickel-base superalloys. Finally, it provides information on the welding of dissimilar metals, filler metal selection for welding clad materials and for overlay cladding, service conditions during repair, and welding procedural idiosyncrasies of cobalt-base alloys.
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Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 9.6 Minipatch welding tests on U-700 nickel-base superalloy showing the benefit of overaging on postweld heat treatment cracking, (left) solution heat treated, (right) overage heat treated
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Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 9 Effect of heating rate on the cracking tendency of solution-annealed (before welding) René 41 during postweld heat treatment. Source: Ref 15
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Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 9.8 Effect of heating rate on the cracking tendency of Rene 41 nickel-base superalloy during postweld heat treatment after receiving preweld solution anneal
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 14.27 Reduction in area for 2.25Cr-1Mo and HCM2S at various postweld heat treatment (PWHT) temperatures with an initial applied tensile stress of 325 MPa (47 ksi). Source: Ref 22
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Image
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 3.26. Effects of material composition (steel A had a lower impurity content than steel D) and simulated postweld heat treatment on creep-crack-growth behavior of 1¼Cr-½Mo steels ( Ref 149 ).
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in Petroleum Reactor Pressure-Vessel Materials for Hydrogen Service
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 7.8. Ranges of FATT for base metal and synthetic HAZ material (peak temperature, 1350 °C, or 2460 °F) in various Cr-Mo steels before and after step cooling ( Ref 17 ). Postweld heat treatment: 1Cr-½Mo and 1¼Cr-½Mo, 20 h at 650 °(1200 °F); 2¼Cr-1Mo and 3Cr-1Mo, 20 h at 690 °C (1275 °F
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... and are the common choice for equipment and fabricated component assemblies, because of their weldability. Mild steels (up to 0.25% C) are readily weldable and, in cross sections of less than 50 mm (2 in.), usually do not require any preheat or postweld heat treatment. Hardened heat-affected zones (HAZ...
Abstract
This article describes the repair of weld defects and failed structures. It provides information on three factors that must first be considered before attempting a repair, namely material weldability, nature of the failure that prompted the repair, and involvement of any code requirements. The article discusses the processes involved in welding process selection and the methods of preparing base metal for repair welding. It presents the guidelines for weld repairs of various ferrous (carbon steels, cast irons, and stainless steels) and nonferrous (for example, titanium) base metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
..., there will also be a zone containing material that is tempered past its peak properties. Potential solutions are to: (a) slow down the cooling rate to avoid the formation of untempered martensite or (b) use a postweld heat treatment to temper any untempered martensite. 5.3.4 Sensitization of Stainless Steels...
Abstract
During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source causes physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformations, and transient thermal stresses and metal movement. This chapter begins by discussing weld metal solidification behavior and the solid-state transformations of the main classes of metals and alloys during fusion welding. The main classes include work- or strain-hardened metals and alloys, precipitation-hardened alloys, transformation-hardened steels and cast irons, stainless steels, and solid-solution and dispersion-hardened alloys. The following section provides information on the residual stresses and distortion that remain after welding. The focus then shifts to distortion control of weldments. Inclusions and cracking are discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the causes for reduced fatigue strength of a component by a weld: stress concentration due to weld shape and joint geometry; stress concentration due to weld imperfections; and residual welding stresses. Inspection and characterization of welds are described in the final section of this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... guide for arc welding carbon steels is given in Table A4 . Table A5 through A8 include recommended preheat and interpass temperatures for selected thicknesses of structural carbon steels, preheat and postweld heat treatment of steel pressure vessel and pipe welds, and recommended preheat...
Abstract
This appendix provides reference tables listing weldability of cast irons, steels, and nonferrous metals. A process selection table for arc welding carbon steels is included, and recommended preheat and interpass temperature tables are also presented. This appendix includes information on qualification codes and standards.
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