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polarization diagram
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Published: 01 December 2008
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... to to understand rates of corrosion. The discussion covers two kinetic processes, namely electrode reactions at the cathode and anode and conduction of ions in the electrolyte. The chapter also provides information on passivation and its effect on polarization diagrams. corrosion kinetics passivation...
Abstract
Corrosion involves chemical reactions in equilibrium that that are understood through principles of thermodynamics. In practice, the rate at which corrosion reactions occur is the most important consideration. This chapter deals with corrosion kinetics, which allows engineers to to understand rates of corrosion. The discussion covers two kinetic processes, namely electrode reactions at the cathode and anode and conduction of ions in the electrolyte. The chapter also provides information on passivation and its effect on polarization diagrams.
Image
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 14 Evans diagram showing the comparison of potentiostatic anodic polarization of nickel alloys in H 2 SO 4 at ambient temperature. See text for details on the effects of alloying additions on corrosion behavior.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... reactions, the mixed-potential theory, and the exchange currents. aqueous corrosion free energy electrochemical potential potential-pH diagram iron gold copper zinc aluminum titanium polarization anodic reactions cathodic reactions mixed-potential theory exchange currents ionic...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the principles of corrosion of metals in aqueous environments. The thermodynamics of aqueous corrosion is the subject of the first half of this chapter, which addresses concepts such as corrosion reactions and free-energy change, the relationship between free energy and electrochemical potential, the effect of ionic concentration on electrode potential, and the corrosion behavior of a metal based on its potential-pH diagram. The corrosion (potential-pH) behavior of iron, gold, copper, zinc, aluminum, and titanium are described. Understanding the kinetics of corrosion and the factors that control the rates of corrosion reactions requires examination of the concepts of polarization behavior and identification of the various forms of polarization in an electrochemical cell. These concepts, addressed in the remaining of this chapter, include anodic and cathodic reactions, the mixed-potential theory, and the exchange currents.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... with the iron-water Pourbaix diagram. It then explains how anodic polarization is extremely sensitive to the environment and, as a result, a reasonably complete curve for a given metal-environment system usually can only be inferred. It goes on to describe how such curves are constructed, demonstrating...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the complex polarization characteristics of active-passive metals and addresses related problems in interpreting their corrosion behavior. It begins by presenting several experimentally derived polarization curves for iron, comparing and contrasting them with the iron-water Pourbaix diagram. It then explains how anodic polarization is extremely sensitive to the environment and, as a result, a reasonably complete curve for a given metal-environment system usually can only be inferred. It goes on to describe how such curves are constructed, demonstrating the procedures for a wide range of alloys and environments. The examples also show how factors such as alloy concentration, crystal lattice orientation, temperature, and dissolved oxygen affect corrosion behavior.
Image
Published: 01 January 2000
Image
Published: 01 November 2011
Fig. 2.3 (a) Shielded metal arc circuit diagram. (b) Polarity configurations for electric arc welding. DCSP (EN): direct current, straight polarity electrode negative); DCRP (EP): direct current, reverse polarity (electrode positive); AC: alternating current; W: welding electrode. Source: Ref
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in The Metallurgical Microscope
> Metallographer’s Guide: Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels
Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 5.43 Sketch of a ray diagram for an illumination system for polarized light. The polarizer filter is placed between the second condenser lens and the illuminator, and the analyzer filter is placed above the illuminator.
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Image
in The Metallurgical Microscope
> Metallographer’s Guide: Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels
Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 5.45 Sketch of a ray diagram of differential interference contrast illumination (Nomarski) in a metallurgical microscope. Note the polarizer and analyzer for polarized light and the Wollaston prism to split the light beam.
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Image
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 19 Combined diagram of an anodic reaction and a cathodic reaction with activation polarization.
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Image
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 3 The concept of cathodic protection related to a potential-pH diagram (left) and to electrochemical polarization curves (right)
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Image
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 15 Concept of anodic protection related to a potential-pH diagram (left) and to an electrochemical polarization curve (right)
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910407
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... and electrochemical polarization curves as shown in Fig. 3 and described in Chapter 3 . Under freely corroding conditions, the metal in the electrolyte has a potential and pH combination in the active region as indicated by the X in the diagram. In this region, soluble corrosion products are the stable species...
Abstract
This article describes in detail the process of corrosion control by cathodic and anodic protection. The discussion covers the basic concept of cathodic and anodic protection systems, their types and equipment used, and the advantages, limitations, and applications of these protection systems. The types of cathodic protection systems include sacrificial cathodic protection and impressed-current cathodic protection systems. Some of the technical problems associated with cathodic protection include the effects of stray currents on the corrosion of adjacent metal structures, the effects of the chemical reactions occurring at the surface of the protected structure, and the effects of cathodic protection on coatings.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.9781627083027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.9781627082501
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910497
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... by cracking under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of wa- ter and hydrogen sulfide. See also environmental cracking. T Tafel line, Tafel slope, Tafel diagram. When an electrode is polar- ized, it frequently will yield a current/potential relationship over a region that can...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... and distilled water Starts immediately The pH-potential range over how beryllium behaves in water at 25 °C is illustrated in Fig. 25.1 [ Pourbaix 1966 ]. Potential-versus-pH diagrams of this type are known as Pourbaix diagrams. The significance of potential (electromotive force) as related...
Abstract
This chapter covers the corrosion behavior of beryllium in aqueous environments. It describes the chemical reactions that drive the corrosion process, the conditions required for equilibrium, and the factors that affect corrosion resistance. It discusses the stability of the native oxides that form on the surface of beryllium and their ability to withstand acids, bases, and corrosive agents found in rain and seawater. It explains how carbides, inclusions, ions, and impurities contribute to corrosion damage, particularly pitting, and how corrosion reduces the ductility and fracture strength of certain beryllium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480331
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... depolarization. If enough ferric ion is added, polarization is sufficient to promote the formation of a passive film on the titanium, stopping active corrosion. The potential-pH diagram in Fig. 14.2 shows why this occurs. The titanium electrochemical potential (at low pH) moves vertically out of the corrosion...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the corrosion behavior of titanium, the types of corrosion that can occur, and the effect of alloying on corrosion resistance. It explains that, due to its tenacious oxide film, titanium has excellent corrosion resistance in oxidizing environments and that the resistance can be extended into the “reducing-acid” region by adding a small amount of palladium. It describes how different grades of titanium respond to different forms of attack, including uniform, crevice, and galvanic corrosion. It also identifies applications where corrosion is often a concern.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030180
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... the corrosion of metals in chemical environments that exhibit very interesting behavior when subjected to anodic polarization. This behavior can be studied with an experimental setup, which is shown in block-diagram fashion in Fig. 1 . When the potential of the working electrode relative to the reference...
Abstract
Anodic protection is used on a smaller scale than other corrosion control techniques due to the fundamental electrochemistry involved. This chapter provides a brief history of the technique, discusses anodic protection use, and compares anodic and cathodic protection. The background and theory of anodic protection are summarized. In addition to briefly describing the various items used for each component of an anodic protection system, the chapter presents design concerns as well as applications of the system. Factors concerning the economic justification of anodic protection are also described.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... might simulate a humid tropical area, the salty air of a seaside area, a salted road in winter, or one of many others. Other accelerated tests measure a given behavior of the materials by electrochemical means, such as the pitting-breakdown potential in an anodic polarization test, and relate...
Abstract
Corrosion testing and monitoring are powerful tools in the fight to control corrosion. This chapter provides a general overview of three major categories of corrosion tests, namely laboratory tests, pilot-plant tests, and field tests. It begins with brief sections describing the purposes of corrosion tests, the logical steps in a test program, and the preparation and cleaning of test specimens. The focus then moves on to discuss the types and applications of these test categories and the associated evaluation procedures. Excluding electrochemical tests which are addressed separately in this chapter, the other laboratory tests covered under this category are simulated atmosphere tests, salt-spray tests, and immersion tests. Only corrosion testing in the atmosphere is discussed in the section on field tests. Corrosion monitoring techniques are finally considered, covering the characteristics of corrosion monitoring techniques, the factors to be considered in selecting a corrosion-monitoring method, and the strategies in corrosion monitoring.
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