Fig. 10.5 Impingement of martensite plates leading to quench cracks (QC) More

Fig. 18.8 Crevice corrosion of steel plates. Source: Adapted from Ref 3 More

Fig. 9.27 Formation of Widmanstätten cementite plates in 1.4% C hypereutectoid steels. 1.43C-0.01Si-0.36Mn (wt%). (a) Austenitized at 1000 °C, cooled at 100 °C/h. Sodium picrate etchant. 500×. (b) Austenitized at 1000 °C, cooled at ~1000 °C/h. Sodium picrate. 500×. More

Fig. 9.28 (Part 3) (i) Impingement of two martensite plates, showing how cracks develop in each plate at the point of impingement and indicating how these cracks would appear on a random section plane. After Ref 27 . More

Fig. 5.16 Fine structure within martensite plates shown in Fig. 5.15 . A deformation twin, fine transformation twins, and dislocations are shown. Transmission electron micrograph, original magnification 20,000×. Source: Ref 5.42 More

Fig. 5.17 Dislocation fine structure in martensite plates shown in Fig. 5.15 . Transmission electron micrograph, original magnification 20,000×. Source: Ref 5.42 More

Fig. 6.10 Lower bainite with fine carbides within ferrite plates in 4360 steel transformed at 300 °C (570 °F). Transmission electron micrograph, original magnification 24,000×. Source: Ref 6.12 More

Fig. 6.11 Lower bainite, showing fine carbides in the plates of the lower bainite, on a polished and nital-etched section of a medium carbon steel. Original magnification 3,000×, Field Emission SEM micrograph More

Fig. 7.3 Ferrite grain-boundary allotriomorphs, Widmanstätten side plates, and martensite in a quenched Fe-0.2%C alloy. Ferrite allotriomorphs A and B have orientations that favor Widmanstätten growth into different austenite grains, as described in the text. Replica electron micrograph from More

Fig. 13.24 (a) “Conventional” bainite formed in continuous cooling. Parallel plates, forming “packets.” Precipitated carbides can be observed. (b) and (c) Bainitic ferrite: parallel plates, without the presence of carbides. Between the plates, there is usually retained austenite. (d) Auto More

Fig. 14.9 Plates of (a) API X56 and (b) API X65 steels, produced through controlled rolling. Mid-thickness, longitudinal cross section. (a) Ferrite (both equiaxial and acicular), pearlite, and some banding. Elongated sulfides are visible. (b) Ferrite and fine pearlite, banded structure More

Fig. 14.10 Plates of API X70, steel, produced through controlled rolling. Longitudinal cross section. (a) and (c), at 1/4 thickness (t/4 position). (b) and (d) mid-thickness (t/2 position). Ferrite (ferritic grain size ASTM 11) and fine pearlite. Some banding. Courtesy of ArcelorMittal Tubarão More

Fig. 32 Nonlinear regions for metal and plastic plates. σ, stress; t , thickness More

Fig. 6 Erosion of a rotary valve handling dust from a cyclone. The wear plates in the valve show some material loss, but the major damage is to the casing. Gaps between the casing and the valve allowed leakage of high-velocity air with entrained dust. More

Fig. 9.17 Martensite plates in an experimental steel containing C = 0.1%, Ni = 30%. The central line, called “midrib” associated in the martensite formation theory to nucleation ( Ref 7 ), can be seen. Image by J.R.C. Guimarães, Courtesy of H.-J. Kestenbach, UFSCar, Brazil. More

Fig. 9.19 (a) Martensite plates in a retained austenite matrix in a steel containing 1.7% C, rapidly cooled to room temperature. (b) The same sample subjected to cooling in liquid air. Martensite volume fraction has increased significantly and retained austenite has been almost completely More

Fig. 9.25 Growth of bainite plates from intragranular nonmetallic inclusions in a steel containing C = 0.38%, Mn = 1.39%, S = 0.039%, V = 0.09%, N = 130 ppm isothermally treated for 38 s at 450 °C (842 °F). Arrow indicates bainite plates with carbides in between the plates as well as inside More

Fig. 9.26 Growth of intragranular plates of granular bainite in a steel containing C = 0.38%, Mn = 1.39%, S = 0.039%, V = 0.09%, N = 130 ppm isothermally treated for 38 s at 500 °C (930 °F). Arrow indicates individual plates of bainitic ferrite nucleated in a nonmetallic inclusion. Courtesy G More

Fig. 9.67 Widmanstätten ferrite in a medium carbon steel. The ferrite plates in this case are disposed at an angle of 60° in the prior austenitic grain. Etchant: aqua regia. More

Fig. 9.80 Widmanstätten ferrite plates nucleated in a nonmetallic inclusion in a low-carbon steel. The variety of orientations of the plates indicates that the nucleation mechanism does not involve epitaxy. Courtesy of G. Thewlis. More