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Book Chapter
Plastic Deformation: Complex State of Stress and Flow Rules
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
.... It then explains how to determine the onset of yielding, which corresponds to the start of plastic deformation and the flow of metal within the workpiece. The chapter then goes on to present two important yield criteria, one based on shear stress (Tresca criterion), the other on distortion energy (von Mises...
Abstract
This chapter covers the fundamentals of metal flow and the tools and techniques used to predict and control it. It begins by illustrating the local state of stress in a metal cylinder during upset forging and showing how stress components can be expressed in matrix form. It then explains how to determine the onset of yielding, which corresponds to the start of plastic deformation and the flow of metal within the workpiece. The chapter then goes on to present two important yield criteria, one based on shear stress (Tresca criterion), the other on distortion energy (von Mises criterion). It compares and contrasts the two methods and demonstrates their use as flow rules. It also explains how to calculate effective strain and strain rate and includes a brief discussion on the mechanical energy consumed during deformation.
Book Chapter
Plastic Deformation: State of Stress, Yield Criteria Flow Rule, and Hardening Rules
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... 1 , J 2 , and J 3 are the deviatoric stress invariants. Among the invariants, the second invariant, J 2 , is widely used in theory of plasticity to describe yielding of the material. 5.5 Isotropic Yield Criteria (Flow Criteria) Yield criteria define the condition for the limit...
Abstract
The design and optimization of sheet metal forming operations is aided by tools and techniques that have been developed and refined over several decades. This chapter covers many of these methods and practices and explains where and how they are used. It begins by showing how the stress state at any point in a material can be expressed in different ways for different purposes. It then compares and contrasts some of the more widely used yield criteria and demonstrates the use of flow rules. It also explains how to calculate power, energy, and effective strain and strain rate and how hardening laws are used to predict strain-hardening behaviors.
Image
Fatigue crack tip advance by plastic flow proposed by Tomkins ( Ref 10.37 )...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2006
Fig. 10.38 Fatigue crack tip advance by plastic flow proposed by Tomkins ( Ref 10.37 ) and Tomkins and Biggs ( Ref 10.38 )
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Image
(a) Damage involving both plastic flow and destructive pitting on teeth of ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2005
Fig. 12 (a) Damage involving both plastic flow and destructive pitting on teeth of a carburized AMS 6260 steel gear. (b) Etched end face of the gear, showing excessive stock removal from drive faces of teeth
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Book Chapter
Plastic Deformation: Flow Stress, Anisotropy, and Formability
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... and use of forming limit curves and the extensive amount of information they provide. anisotropy flow stress formability forming limit curves plastic deformation sheet forming tensile test WHEN A MATERIAL is deformed, two types of deformation occur: elastic and plastic. The elastic phase...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that influence the load-deformation relationship at the heart of most metal forming operations. It describes the changes that occur in tensile test samples and the various ways test data can be plotted and analyzed, particularly for design purposes. It discusses the effect of normal and planar anisotropy, the development and use of flow stress curves, and how formability is usually measured and expressed. It explains how formability measurements serve as a guide for process and tool design engineers as well as others. It also discusses the development and use of forming limit curves and the extensive amount of information they provide.
Image
Some of the flow curve equations used in plastic deformation studies ( Ref ...
Available to Purchase
in Plastic Deformation: Flow Stress, Anisotropy, and Formability
> Sheet Metal Forming: Fundamentals
Published: 01 August 2012
Image
Schematic idealized flow curves (a) Rigid–perfectly plastic material. (b) P...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2005
Fig. 1.3 Schematic idealized flow curves (a) Rigid–perfectly plastic material. (b) Perfectly plastic material with an elastic region. (c) Piecewise linear (strain-hardening) material. (d) Typical of engineering alloys
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Image
Published: 01 December 2006
Image
Flow stresses at various plastic strains, determined during compression tes...
Available to Purchase
in Deformation, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture of Quenched and Tempered Carbon Steels
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 18.17 Flow stresses at various plastic strains, determined during compression testing, as a function of carbon content in quenched 41xx steels tempered at 150 °C (300 °F). The elastic limits were determined by strain gage measurements in specimens tempered at 200 °C (390 °F). Source: Ref
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Book Chapter
Bending of Shafts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... is proportional to strain is incorrect due to plastic flow, causing considerable discrepancy between measured and calculated stresses. Data plots of the axial and bending fatigue characteristics of a 4130 steel help illustrate the problem. A closed-form solution is then presented and used to analyze the effects...
Abstract
This chapter deals with the effects of fatigue in rotating shafts subjected to elastic and plastic strains associated with bending stresses. It begins with a review of the basic approach to treating low-cycle fatigue in bending, explaining that the assumption that stress is proportional to strain is incorrect due to plastic flow, causing considerable discrepancy between measured and calculated stresses. Data plots of the axial and bending fatigue characteristics of a 4130 steel help illustrate the problem. A closed-form solution is then presented and used to analyze the effects of flexural bending on solid as well as hollow rectangular and round bars. The chapter also discusses the difference in the treatment of a rotating shaft in which all surface elements undergo the same stress and strain and a nonrotating shaft in which a few surface elements carry most of the load. The difference, as explained, is due to the volumetric effect of stress in fatigue.
Book Chapter
Hydrogen Damage
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... damage, and reviews hydrogen degradation in specific ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The preeminent theories for hydrogen damage are based on pressure, surface adsorption, decohesion, enhanced plastic flow, hydrogen attack, and hydride formation. The specific alloys covered are iron-base, nickel, aluminum...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a form of environmentally assisted failure that results most often from the combined action of hydrogen and residual or applied tensile stress. This chapter classifies the various forms of hydrogen damage, summarizes the various theories that seek to explain hydrogen damage, and reviews hydrogen degradation in specific ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The preeminent theories for hydrogen damage are based on pressure, surface adsorption, decohesion, enhanced plastic flow, hydrogen attack, and hydride formation. The specific alloys covered are iron-base, nickel, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum alloys.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Metalworking
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... processes based on related tribology. bulk deformation processes flow strength plastic deformation Metalworking involves forcing metal into a desired shape through the application of stress, which inherently requires the high ductility of metals to makes this approach viable. The field of large...
Abstract
This chapter presents a qualitative and quantitative overview of the stresses, strains, forces, and energy associated with metalworking processes and the tribological behavior of metals. It covers key concepts necessary for understanding metalworking tribology, including plastic deformation, yield criteria, flow strength, and the application of flow rules. It explains how to calculate the work involved in deformation processes, how to assess the propensity for fracture, how to determine temperature rise and strain distribution in the workpiece, and how to classify metalworking processes based on related tribology.
Image
Common types of tensile stress-strain curves showing early regions of plast...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2006
Fig. A.41 Common types of tensile stress-strain curves showing early regions of plastic flow. (a) Upper and lower yield point. (b) Gradual yielding and strain hardening
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Image
Simple classifications of fracture mechanisms. (a) Low-temperature fracture...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 July 2009
Fig. 2.1 Simple classifications of fracture mechanisms. (a) Low-temperature fracture mechanisms ( T ≤ 0.3 T M in absolute temperature), where plastic flow does not depend strongly on temperature or time. (b) Mechanisms of creep leading to rupture at high-temperature fracture ( T ≥ 0.3 T
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Image
Sequence of metallurgical stages in the diffusion bonding process. (a) Init...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2011
Fig. 6.1 Sequence of metallurgical stages in the diffusion bonding process. (a) Initial contact: limited to a few asperities (room temperature). (b) First stage: deformation of surface asperities by plastic flow and creep. (c) Second stage: grain-boundary diffusion of atoms to the voids
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Image
Surface of a spalling-fatigue fracture in a single tooth of a heavily loade...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 September 2005
suggest that a small amount of plastic flow occurred under the applied load. Original magnification at ~4×
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Book Chapter
Mechanism of Fatigue
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... plastic flow may also cause other subtle crystalline changes, for example, in transformations from one crystalline structure to another, say from austenite to martensite. Therefore, although the concept that the fatigue process is due to crystallization is grossly inaccurate, there is a “grain of truth...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the processes and mechanisms involved in fatigue. It begins with a review of some of the early theories of fatigue and the tools subsequently used to obtain a better understanding of the fatigue process. It then explains how plasticity plays a major role in creating dislocations, breaking up grains into subgrains, and causing microscopic imperfections to coalesce into larger flaws. It also discusses the factors that contribute to the development and propagation of fatigue cracks, including surface deterioration, volumetric and environmental effects, foreign particles, and stresses generated by rolling contact.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... by introducing sharp cracks or other stress concentrators or by stressing more rapidly. 7.2.1 Basic Mechanism of Plastic Flow in Crystalline Solids Plastic flow in crystalline solids at low temperatures occurs by dislocation motion. Dislocations are one-dimensional regions in which the perfect crystalline...
Abstract
The mechanical properties of a material describe the relations between the stresses acting on the material and its resulting deformations. Stresses capable of producing permanent deformations, which remain after the stresses are removed, are considered in this chapter. The effects of cryogenic temperatures on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys are reviewed in this chapter; the effects on polymers and glasses are discussed briefly. The fundamental mechanisms controlling temperature-dependent mechanical behavior, phenomena encountered in low-temperature testing, and the mechanical properties of some representative engineering metals and alloys are described. Modifications of test procedures for low temperatures and sources of data are also included.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... that the diameter of the bar at the fracture surface of a brittle failure remains close to its original value, while that of the ductile failure is reduced. This reduction in diameter by plastic flow near the fracture surface is referred to as necking, and it develops in ductile metals just before fracture...
Abstract
Metals are used in many engineering applications because of their mechanical properties, particularly strength and ductility. This chapter explains how mechanical properties are measured and how to interpret the results. It describes the most widely used tests, including tensile tests; Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop hardness tests; and Charpy V-notch impact tests. The chapter also provides information on loading conditions that can lead to fatigue failure, and in some cases, counteract or prevent it.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Extrusion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... discusses the mechanics of extrusion including plastic deformation and metal flow, plastic strain and strain rate, extrusion pressure, and extrusion force. The principal variables of extrusion, including billet material flow stress, extrusion ratio, dead-metal zone semiangle, speed of deformation...
Abstract
This chapter introduces basic extrusion concepts, including types, processes, mechanics, and the principal variables and their effects on extrusion. The chapter defines the two basic types of extrusion commonly used in the aluminum extrusion industry, direct and indirect. The chapter discusses the mechanics of extrusion including plastic deformation and metal flow, plastic strain and strain rate, extrusion pressure, and extrusion force. The principal variables of extrusion, including billet material flow stress, extrusion ratio, dead-metal zone semiangle, speed of deformation, and extrusion temperature are discussed.
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