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plastic components
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in Design and Selection of Plastics Processing Methods
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 01 December 2003
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780216
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article discusses the material and engineering issues associated with plastic components subjected to impact. The first part covers the effects of loading rate, temperature, and state of stress on both deformation and mode of failure. It discusses standard impact tests, along...
Abstract
This article discusses the material and engineering issues associated with plastic components subjected to impact. The first part covers the effects of loading rate, temperature, and state of stress on both deformation and mode of failure. It discusses standard impact tests, along with their associated results. A brief discussion on the linear elastic fracture mechanics method is presented, along with an example of its effectiveness as a predictive tool for impact performance. Various issues with a bearing on impact performance, such as processing, chemical attack, and aging, are also described. The second part describes the engineering calculations used to predict the performance of thin plastic beams, plates, and shells. The issue of assuming small displacements for the calculation of plastic structure performance is discussed and its limitations described. An example of the consequence of the very low modulus of elasticity associated with plastics and some plastic design solutions are offered.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article presents a general overview of outdoor weather aging factors, their effects on plastic materials, and the accelerated test methods that can be used to estimate the reaction of a plastic component during actual use. Weather and radiation factors that contribute...
Abstract
This article presents a general overview of outdoor weather aging factors, their effects on plastic materials, and the accelerated test methods that can be used to estimate the reaction of a plastic component during actual use. Weather and radiation factors that contribute to degradation in plastics include temperature variations, moisture, sunlight, oxidation, microbiologic attack, and other environmental elements. The article also describes the tests used to predict the behavior of a plastic material to outdoor exposure, discussing the use of xenon arc lamp for the weatherometer and fadeometer and the use of fluorescent sunlamp in test devices.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... is that the system failed even though all parts in the system met their drawing requirements. The common failures discussed in this chapter include those associated with metallic components, composite materials, plastic components, ceramic components, and electrical and electronic components. ceramic...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on common failure characteristics exhibited by mechanical and electrical components. The topic is considered from two perspectives: one possibility is that the system failed because parts were nonconforming to drawing requirements and another possibility is that the system failed even though all parts in the system met their drawing requirements. The common failures discussed in this chapter include those associated with metallic components, composite materials, plastic components, ceramic components, and electrical and electronic components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article reviews various analytical techniques most commonly used in plastic component failure analysis. The description of the techniques is intended to make the reader familiar with the general principles and benefits of the methodologies. The descriptions of the analytical...
Abstract
This article reviews various analytical techniques most commonly used in plastic component failure analysis. The description of the techniques is intended to make the reader familiar with the general principles and benefits of the methodologies. The descriptions of the analytical techniques are supplemented by a series of case studies that include pertinent visual examination results and the corresponding images that aided in the characterization of the failures. The techniques covered include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The article also discusses various analytical methods used to characterize the molecular weight distribution of a polymeric material. It provides information on a wide range of mechanical tests that are available to evaluate plastics and polymers, covering the various considerations in the selection and use of test methods.
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in Cold Spray Applications in the Automotive Industry
> High Pressure Cold Spray: Principles and Applications
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 8.8 Schematic sequence of cold spraying/injection molding hybrid process for metal-plastic components production. Source: Ref 8.22
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
...) Detail composition of magnetostrictive composite coating. Source: Ref 8.25 Formation of Electrically Conductive Tracks on Plastic Mold Components In manufacturing hybrid plastic-metal products, the main fabricating processes are of two types: postmold assembly and in-mold assembly. Postmold...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the application of high-pressure cold spray to the automotive industry field, with special attention to three applications: additive manufacturing, fabrication methods, and protective coatings. Various studies on the automotive application of cold spray are reviewed. The background and purpose of each application are presented and practical cases are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
.... However, if both stress and strain vary simultaneously with time, additional analysis is required to separate, or partition, the inelastic strain into its creep and plasticity components. This is the general condition experienced by materials at critical locations in high-temperature components subjected...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts empirical approaches for partitioning hysteresis loops and predicting creep-fatigue life. The first part of the chapter presents experimental partitioning methods, explaining how they can be used to partition any loading cycle into its basic strain-range components. The methods covered include rapid cycling between peak stress extremes, half-cycle rapid loading and unloading, and variations of the incremental step-stress approach. The methods are then compared based on their ability to predict creep-fatigue life. The chapter goes on from there to describe how fatigue life can be estimated from ductility measurements when cyclic data are unavailable or are likely to change. It also explains how cyclic life is influenced by the time-dependent nature of creep-plasticity and the physical and metallurgical effects of environmental exposure.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
.... The most common example is the film that forms on the inside of car windows. This occurs when the plastic components in an automobile interior outgas, and the gaseous plastic then deposits itself on the inside of the windshield. This is more of a nuisance than a problem, but in sealed systems, it can...
Abstract
Contaminants can be a cause of numerous types of system failures. There are numerous techniques for confirming contaminant presence. When the presence of a contaminant is suspected, the failure analysis team must find and eliminate the contaminant source, which can be obvious or quite subtle. This chapter summarizes a few commonly encountered contaminant sources to stimulate the reader's thinking about potential contaminant sources. A case study of titanium component washing at Litton Lasers is presented to illustrate how the presence of contaminants leads to a system failure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... Abstract Plastic gears are continuing to displace metal gears in applications ranging from automotive components to office automation equipment. This chapter discusses the characteristics, classification, advantages, and disadvantages of plastics for gear applications. It provides a comparison...
Abstract
Plastic gears are continuing to displace metal gears in applications ranging from automotive components to office automation equipment. This chapter discusses the characteristics, classification, advantages, and disadvantages of plastics for gear applications. It provides a comparison between the properties of metals and plastics for designing gears. The chapter reviews some of the commonly used plastic materials for gear applications including thermoplastic and thermoset gear materials. The chapter also describes the processes involved in plastic gear manufacturing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... stress-state tests. Therefore, the computations leading to knowledge of the principal stresses and strains already contain within them the rheological information for separating the strain ranges into their creep and plasticity components as required for SRP, since the constitutive equations used to make...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how to deal with multiaxial stresses and strains when using the strain-range partitioning method to analyze the effects of creep fatigue. It is divided into three sections: a general discussion on the rationale used in formulating rules for treating multiaxiality, a concise listing of the rules, and an example problem in which axial creep-fatigue data is used to predict the torsional creep-fatigue life of type 304 and 316 stainless steel. The chapter also includes a brief introduction in which the authors outline the challenges presented by multiaxial loading and set practical limits on the problem they intend to treat.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... properties. After a plastic component is exposed to an organic chemical, aggressive molecules may diffuse into the component, leading to plasticization. Swelling of the material results in high stresses, which can cause crazing or cracking. Fracture has been observed in many glassy plastics...
Abstract
The susceptibility of plastics to environmental failure, when exposed to organic chemicals, limits their use in many applications. Environmental factors can be classified into two categories: chemical and physical effects. This article discusses the effects of these environmental factors on the mechanical properties of plastics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... Abstract The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy in the form of plastic deformation without fracturing. It is thus a measure of both strength and ductility. This chapter describes the fracture and toughness characteristics of metals and their effect on component lifetime...
Abstract
The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy in the form of plastic deformation without fracturing. It is thus a measure of both strength and ductility. This chapter describes the fracture and toughness characteristics of metals and their effect on component lifetime and failure. It begins with a review of the ductile-to-brittle transition behavior of steel and the different ways to measure transition temperature. It then explains how to predict fracture loads using linear-elastic fracture mechanics and how toughness is affected by temperature and strain rate as well as grain size, inclusion content, and impurities. It also presents the theory and use of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and discusses the causes, effects, and control of temper embrittlement in various types of steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... Abstract This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements...
Abstract
This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... on fractography that provides useful insight into the nature of fracture processes. fatigue test crack initiation crack propagation engineering plastics fractography FATIGUE FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING PLASTICS due to cyclic loading conditions is of critical concern when designing polymeric components...
Abstract
This article reviews fatigue test methodologies, provides an overview of general fatigue behavior (crack initiation and propagation) in engineering plastics, and discusses some of the factors affecting the fatigue performance of polymers. In addition, it provides information on fractography that provides useful insight into the nature of fracture processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... of a linear elastic component related to K and a plastic component. As with the linear elastic parameter, the elastic-plastic parameter can be used to characterize either brittle or ductile fracture behavior. Figure 1 illustrates both LEFM and EPFM deformation conditions for brittle fracture. Fracture...
Abstract
Depending on the operating environment and the nature of the applied loading, a structure can fail by a number of different modes, including brittle fracture, ductile fracture, plastic collapse, fatigue, creep, corrosion, and buckling. These failure modes can be broken down into the categories of fracture, fatigue, environmental cracking, and high-temperature creep. This article discusses each of these categories, as well as the benefits of a fitness-for-service approach.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... life accepted, at least in the critical regions of many engineering components. While the S - N curve lends itself to some treatment in the plastic range, it is not the ideal framework for treating such problems. Consider, for example, an idealized material for which the stress-strain curve...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the methods used to quantify the effects of fatigue on component lifetime and failure. It discusses the development and use of S-N (stress amplitude vs. cycles to failure) curves, the emergence of strain-based approaches to fatigue analysis, and important refinements and modifications. It demonstrates the use of approximate equations, including the method of universal slopes and the four-point correlation technique, which provides reasonable estimates of elastic and plastic lines from information obtained in standard tensile tests. It also discusses high-cycle, low-cycle, and ultra-high cycle fatigue and presents several models that are useful for fatigue life predictions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... Abstract This appendix provides supplemental information on the metallurgical aspects of atomic structure, the use of dislocation theory, heat treatment processes and procedures, important engineering materials and strengthening mechanisms, and the nature of elastic, plastic, and creep strain...
Abstract
This appendix provides supplemental information on the metallurgical aspects of atomic structure, the use of dislocation theory, heat treatment processes and procedures, important engineering materials and strengthening mechanisms, and the nature of elastic, plastic, and creep strain components. It also provides information on mechanical property and fatigue testing, the use of hysteresis energy to analyze fatigue, a procedure for inverting equations to solve for dependent variables, and a method for dealing with the statistical nature of failure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
.... In addition, details on ad hoc tests used for determining the acceptability of a plastic part for its application are provided, along with typical examples. optical components optical test plastics plastic parts OPTICAL TESTING of plastics includes characterization of materials and analysis...
Abstract
This article is a brief account of various factors pertinent to the characterization of materials and analysis of optical components, namely transmission, haze, yellowness, refractive index, surface irregularity, birefringence, internal contamination, surface gloss, and color. In addition, details on ad hoc tests used for determining the acceptability of a plastic part for its application are provided, along with typical examples.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
..., plastic deformation, ductility, hardness, creep, fatigue, and fracture. It also describes the primary components of a Charpy impact tester and the role they serve. creep ductility elasticity fatigue fracture failure hardness impact test plastic deformation strain stress tension test...
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of a material, in the most practical sense, is how it deforms or breaks under load; in other words, how it responds when stressed. This chapter provides a brief review of the properties associated with mechanical behavior, including stress, strain, elasticity, plastic deformation, ductility, hardness, creep, fatigue, and fracture. It also describes the primary components of a Charpy impact tester and the role they serve.
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