Fig. 9.7 Analysis of plane strain upsetting by the FE method. (a) Part for plane strain upsetting. (b) Full model. (c) Quarter model More

Fig. 4.9 Plane stress and plane strain elements near the crack tip More

Fig. 4.32 Effect of temperature and strain rate on plane-strain fracture toughness behavior of ASTM type A36 steel. Source: Ref 4.36 More

Fig. 11 Specimen types used in plane-strain fracture-toughness ( K Ic ) testing (ASTMA 399). a , crack length; W , specimen width More

Fig. 13.20 Typical load-displacement curves for plane-strain fracture toughness test. Source: Ref 10 More

Fig. 1 Plane-strain fracture toughness of maraging steels compared with fracture toughness of several ultrahigh strength steels as a function of tensile strength. More

Fig. 8.23 Plane-strain fracture toughness, K Ic , versus tensile yield strength for selected aluminum alloy castings. SC, sand cast alloy; PE, premium engineered alloy More

Fig. 8.24 Plane-strain fracture toughness, K Ic , versus notch-yield ratio for some cast aluminum alloys compared to the mean values of the relationship for wrought aluminum alloys More

Fig. 8.25 Plane-strain fracture toughness, K Ic , versus notch-yield ratio for selected cast aluminum alloys compared to the range of such values for wrought aluminum alloys. SC, sand cast; PM, permanent mold More

Fig. A3.7 Compact tension plane strain fracture toughness specimen. Refer to ASTM E 399. More

Fig. 3 Effect of thickness and n value on the plane-strain intercept of a forming limit diagram. Source: Ref 8 More

Fig. 10 Plane-strain tensile test specimen. Source: Ref 33 More

Fig. 12 h 1 versus 1/ n for a center-cracked panel in tension under plane strain. Source: Ref 6 More

Fig. 30 Correlation of plane-strain impact fracture toughness and impact Charpy V-notch energy absorption for various grades of steel. Source: Ref 3 More

Fig. 31 Correlation of plane-strain impact fracture toughness and impact Charpy V-notch energy absorption for SA 533B, class 1, steel. NDT, nil-ductility transition. Source: Ref 3 More

Fig. 32 Relation between plane-strain fracture toughness ( K Ic ) and Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact energy. Tests conducted at 27 °C (80 °F). VM, vacuum melted; AM, air melted. Source: Ref 3 More

Fig. 26 Relationships of plane-strain fracture toughness to yield strength for the 2 xxx and 7 xxx series of aluminum alloys. Source: Ref 12 More

Fig. 9.1 Changes in shape during upsetting. Plane strain (initial width ℓ o and initial height h o ) and axisymmetric (initial radius R o ) More

Fig. 9.2 Equilibrium of forces in plane strain homogeneous upsetting More

Figure 2.2: Plane-strain condition created by the restraint imposed (a) by a die and (b) by a non-deforming portion of the workpiece. More