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pitting corrosion
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...Abstract Abstract This chapter concentrates on the better-known and widely studied phenomenon of pitting corrosion of passive metals. The discussion focuses on different parameters that influence pitting corrosion, namely environment, metal composition, potential, temperature, surface condition...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the better-known and widely studied phenomenon of pitting corrosion of passive metals. The discussion focuses on different parameters that influence pitting corrosion, namely environment, metal composition, potential, temperature, surface condition, and inhibitors. It also provides information on various stages of pitting: passive film breakdown, metastable pitting, pit growth, and pit stifling or death.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
...). The crevice corrosion is measured in terms of the maximum depth of pitting attack within the crevice formed by overlapping panels of the same material. For the GM 9540P(B) test, the salt solution was a mixture of 0.9% NaCl, 0.25% NaHCO 3 , and 0.1% CaCl 2 with a pH of 7.5 and a conductivity at 24 °C (75 °F...
Abstract
Pitting is the most common corrosion attack on aluminum alloy products. This chapter explains why pitting occurs and how it appears in different types of aluminum. It discusses pitting rates, pitting potentials, and pitting resistance as well as testing and prevention methods. It also discusses the problem of crevice corrosion and how it is influenced by crevice geometry and operating environment. The discussion covers the most common forms of crevice corrosion, including water staining, poultice corrosion, and filiform corrosion, along with related testing and prevention methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... surface of a 12-in.-diameter crude oil pipeline that experienced an in-service leak. (b) Metallographic cross section of the leak location showing undercutting within the pit, a pitting morphology that is typically associated with MIC. Fig. 6 Stress-corrosion crack in thin neck of a cartridge...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the major types of corrosion, their interactions, their complicating effects on fracture and wear, and some possible prevention methods. The types of corrosion considered in the chapter are galvanic corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... in water; (b) resulting polarization behavior for two different passivating alloys (A and B polarization curves) Fig. 27 Variation of critical crevice corrosion temperature with alloy content Fig. 25 Variation of critical pitting temperature with pitting resistance equivalent number...
Abstract
This chapter explores the behavior of stainless steel in media that promote corrosion. The forms of corrosion covered are uniform corrosion, atmospheric corrosion, localized corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and grain boundary corrosion. The chapter discusses the influence of material and environmental variables on stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and the mechanisms proposed for SCC in stainless steel, comparing the mechanism of SCC with hydrogen embrittlement. In addition, it provides information on biocorrosion and microbiologically induced corrosion in ambient aqueous environments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... by a discussion on the causes of the various forms of corrosion associated with liquids, namely pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and erosion corrosion. The chapter also contains tables listing corrosion rates of sulfuric acid and fuming sulfuric acid...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the applications of stainless steels in chemical and process industry, covering what data are necessary and how they can be found. It begins with an overview of single- and dual-environment systems and the corrosion issues they face. This is followed by a discussion on the causes of the various forms of corrosion associated with liquids, namely pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and erosion corrosion. The chapter also contains tables listing corrosion rates of sulfuric acid and fuming sulfuric acid. It ends with a section providing information on specific environments against which stainless steels are resistant to select for use in the chemical process industries.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... of corrosion covered are general corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. References References 1 Lacombe P. , Baroux B. , and Beranger G. , Stainless Steels , Les Editions de Physique, 2003 2 Gunn R.N. , Duplex Stainless Steels...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on the structure, design aspects, mechanical properties, forming, machining, and corrosion resistance characteristics of duplex stainless steels. The different types of corrosion covered are general corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
...Abstract Abstract Corrosion problems can be divided into eight categories based on the appearance of the corrosion damage or the mechanism of attack: uniform or general corrosion; pitting corrosion; crevice corrosion, including corrosion under tubercles or deposits, filiform corrosion...
Abstract
Corrosion problems can be divided into eight categories based on the appearance of the corrosion damage or the mechanism of attack: uniform or general corrosion; pitting corrosion; crevice corrosion, including corrosion under tubercles or deposits, filiform corrosion, and poultice corrosion; galvanic corrosion; erosion-corrosion, including cavitation erosion and fretting corrosion; intergranular corrosion, including sensitization and exfoliation; dealloying; environmentally assisted cracking, including stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and hydrogen damage (including hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, high-temperature hydrogen attack, and hydride formation). All these forms are addressed in this chapter in the context of aqueous corrosion. For each form, a general description is provided along with information on the causes and the list of metals that can be affected, with particular emphasis on the recognition and prevention measures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... hardness, influence of surface carbon content and grain size, internal oxidation, structure of carbides, and inclusion of noncarbide. Details on micropitting, macropitting, case crushing, pitting corrosion, and partial melting are also provided. References References 1. Raja B.V.R. , Pal...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on various contributors to failure of carburized and carbonitrided components, with the primary focus on carburized components. The most common contributors covered include component design, selection of proper hardenability, increased residual stress, dimensional stability, and generation of quenching and grinding cracks. They also include insufficient case hardness and improper core hardness, influence of surface carbon content and grain size, internal oxidation, structure of carbides, and inclusion of noncarbide. Details on micropitting, macropitting, case crushing, pitting corrosion, and partial melting are also provided.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030070
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...Abstract Abstract This chapter describes the effects of metallurgical variables on the corrosion of aluminum alloys. Emphasis is placed on the effect of constituent particles on pitting corrosion of aluminum. corrosion aluminum alloys aluminum THE METALLURGICAL EFFECTS on corrosion...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... of the native oxides that form on the surface of beryllium and their ability to withstand acids, bases, and corrosive agents found in rain and seawater. It explains how carbides, inclusions, ions, and impurities contribute to corrosion damage, particularly pitting, and how corrosion reduces the ductility...
Abstract
This chapter covers the corrosion behavior of beryllium in aqueous environments. It describes the chemical reactions that drive the corrosion process, the conditions required for equilibrium, and the factors that affect corrosion resistance. It discusses the stability of the native oxides that form on the surface of beryllium and their ability to withstand acids, bases, and corrosive agents found in rain and seawater. It explains how carbides, inclusions, ions, and impurities contribute to corrosion damage, particularly pitting, and how corrosion reduces the ductility and fracture strength of certain beryllium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270156
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
.... Based on these findings, investigators concluded that the failure was due to a fatigue crack initiated from a corrosion pit, which may have been caused by chemicals released by the burning of bonding resin. fatigue fracture corrosion pits SEM fractography tail rotor blades visual examination...
Abstract
The tail rotor blade of a helicopter developed a visible crack during service. The cracked region was removed from the blade and the fracture surface was examined in a SEM, revealing shallow pitting on the inside surface of the skin and a corresponding reduction in thickness. Based on these findings, investigators concluded that the failure was due to a fatigue crack initiated from a corrosion pit, which may have been caused by chemicals released by the burning of bonding resin.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060369
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... to prevent or mitigate its effects. It describes several forms of corrosion, including uniform, intergranular, pitting, crevice, and stray-current corrosion, and the effects of stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and selective leaching. It discusses the use of corrosion inhibitors, cathodic...
Abstract
Corrosion can be defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material and its environment that causes the material and its properties to degrade. In most cases, it refers to the electrochemical oxidation of metals accompanied by the production of oxides or salts of the base material. This chapter discusses the process of corrosion and how to prevent or mitigate its effects. It describes several forms of corrosion, including uniform, intergranular, pitting, crevice, and stray-current corrosion, and the effects of stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and selective leaching. It discusses the use of corrosion inhibitors, cathodic and anodic protection, pH control, and Pourbaix diagrams.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... of the potential ranges identified in Fig. 7.71 . (a) Hydrogen embrittlement. (b) Active corrosion. (c) Passive film cracking. (d) Passivity. (e) Pit-initiated cracking Fig. 7.73 Schematic representation of (a) passive film, (b) passive film rupture by stress-induced slip resulting in exposure of bare...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed study of the localized corrosion behavior of steel, copper, and aluminum alloys. It applies the basic principles of electrochemistry, as well as materials science and solid and fluid mechanics, to explain the causes and effects of pitting, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. It describes the underlying mechanisms associated with each process and how they relate to the microstructure of the metal or alloy, the physical condition of the surface, and other factors such as the coupling of the metal to a dissimilar metal or surface film.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... environments, including general corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, stress-assisted corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, oxygen pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, and caustic embrittlement. The discussion is supported by several illustrations...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of corrosion on boiler tube surfaces exposed to water and steam. It describes the process of corrosion, the formation of scale, and the oxides of iron from which it forms. It addresses the primary types of corrosion found in boiler environments, including general corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, stress-assisted corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, oxygen pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, and caustic embrittlement. The discussion is supported by several illustrations and relevant case studies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... of these alloys. Some categories of corrosion covered are pitting, crevice, intergranular, stress-corrosion cracking, general, and high-temperature corrosion. stainless steels nickel alloys corrosion resistance alloying elements pitting corrosion crevice corrosion intergranular corrosion stress...
Abstract
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys are recognized for their resistance to general corrosion and other categories of corrosion. This chapter examines the effects of specific alloying elements, metallurgical structure, and mechanical conditioning on the corrosion resistance of these alloys. Some categories of corrosion covered are pitting, crevice, intergranular, stress-corrosion cracking, general, and high-temperature corrosion.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
.... It also discusses general types of corrosive attack and their effects on service integrity as well as detection and control measures. The five corrosive attack mechanisms covered are intergranular corrosion, preferential attack associated with weld metal precipitates, pitting and crevice corrosion, stress...
Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels exhibit a single-phase, face-centered cubic structure that is maintained over a wide range of temperatures. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, and welding considerations of austenitic stainless steels. It also discusses general types of corrosive attack and their effects on service integrity as well as detection and control measures. The five corrosive attack mechanisms covered are intergranular corrosion, preferential attack associated with weld metal precipitates, pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... potential of aluminum alloy 3003- H14 as a measure of relative susceptibility to pitting corrosion by conducting a galvanostatic polarizatioa See also ASTM G 100 summarized later in this table. F1110 Test Method for Sandwich Corrosion Test Defines procedures for evaluating the corrosivity of materials...
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... for evaluating corrosion of weldments are used to assess intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and high-nickel alloys. Other applicable tests evaluate pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Each of these test methods is reviewed in this chapter...
Abstract
This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods for evaluating corrosion of weldments are used to assess intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and high-nickel alloys. Other applicable tests evaluate pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Each of these test methods is reviewed in this chapter.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion; are about twice as strong as the common austenitics; and, with only about half of the nickel content of the common austenitics, are less sensitive to fluctuation in nickel prices. Although there are some problems with welding duplex alloys, considerable...
Abstract
Duplex stainless steels are two-phase alloys based on the iron-chromium-nickel system. Duplex stainless steels offer corrosion resistance and cost advantages over the common austenitic stainless steels. Although there are some problems with welding duplex alloys, considerable progress has been made in defining the correct parameters and chemistry modifications for achieving sound welds. This chapter provides a basic understanding of the development, grade designations, microstructure, properties, and general welding considerations of duplex stainless steel. It also discusses the influence of ferrite-austenite balance on corrosion resistance and the influence of different welding conditions on various material properties of alloy 2205 (UNS S31803).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
...Abstract Abstract This chapter first covers some basic principles of electrochemical corrosion and then some of the various types of corrosion. Some of the more common types of corrosion discussed include uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, erosion-corrosion...
Abstract
This chapter first covers some basic principles of electrochemical corrosion and then some of the various types of corrosion. Some of the more common types of corrosion discussed include uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, fretting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, exfoliation, dealloying corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. The chapter discusses the processes involved in corrosion control by retarding either the anodic or cathodic reactions. The rate of corrosion is reduced by conditioning of the metal, by conditioning the environment, and by electrochemical control. Finally, the chapter deals with high-temperature oxidation that usually occurs in the absence of moisture.