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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
...Abstract Abstract This chapter describes the phases and constituents present in iron-carbon steels in near-equilibrium conditions. It explains how to use phase diagrams to predict and manage the development of ferrite, austenite, cementite, and pearlite through controlled cooling. It discusses...
Abstract
This chapter describes the phases and constituents present in iron-carbon steels in near-equilibrium conditions. It explains how to use phase diagrams to predict and manage the development of ferrite, austenite, cementite, and pearlite through controlled cooling. It discusses the transformations, grain structure, and properties associated with each phase and identifies the primary stabilizing elements. It includes several micrographs revealing various microstructural features and describes the processing route by which they were achieved. It explains how to estimate the volume fraction of iron-carbon phases in equilibrium and how to determine the amount of each phase that must be present to reach a desired composition. The chapter also discusses the phases associated with hypo- and hyper-eutectoid steels and presents more than a dozen micrographs, identifying important structural features along with cooling conditions and sample preparation procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
...Abstract Abstract The microstructure of superalloys is highly complex, with a large number of dispersed intermetallics and other phases that modify alloy behavior through their composition, morphology, and distribution. This chapter provides an overview of the most notable phases, including...
Abstract
The microstructure of superalloys is highly complex, with a large number of dispersed intermetallics and other phases that modify alloy behavior through their composition, morphology, and distribution. This chapter provides an overview of the most notable phases, including the matrix phase and geometrically and topologically close-packed phases, and describes how superalloy microstructure can be modified via heat treatments and directional solidification. It also discusses the role of carbides, borides, oxides, and nitrides and the detrimental effects of sulfocarbides.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
...Abstract Abstract This chapter explains how the presence of intermediate phases affects the melting behavior of binary alloys and the transformations that occur under different rates of cooling. It begins by examining the phase diagrams of magnesium-lead and copper-zinc, noting some...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the presence of intermediate phases affects the melting behavior of binary alloys and the transformations that occur under different rates of cooling. It begins by examining the phase diagrams of magnesium-lead and copper-zinc, noting some of the complexities associated with intermediate phases. It then discusses the difference between ordered and disordered phases and how they are accounted for on phase diagrams. It describes how the atoms in a disordered solution may arrange themselves into an ordered array, forming a superlattice in the process of cooling, and goes on to identify the most common superlattice structures and their corresponding alloy phases. It also discusses the factors that limit the formation of superlattices along with the kinetics of spinodal decomposition and its effect on microstructure development.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
...Abstract Abstract This chapter discusses the development of the nomenclature used to describe the constitution and structure of metals and alloys, particularly the phases observed in the microstructure of steel. It also points out some of the problems with current nomenclature and provides...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of the nomenclature used to describe the constitution and structure of metals and alloys, particularly the phases observed in the microstructure of steel. It also points out some of the problems with current nomenclature and provides recommendations on how to avoid them.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... This chapter describes the iron-carbon phase diagram, its modification by alloying elements, and the effect of carbon on the chemistry and crystallography of austenite, ferrite, and cementite found in Fe-C alloys and steels. It also lays the groundwork for understanding important metallurgical...
Abstract
This chapter describes the iron-carbon phase diagram, its modification by alloying elements, and the effect of carbon on the chemistry and crystallography of austenite, ferrite, and cementite found in Fe-C alloys and steels. It also lays the groundwork for understanding important metallurgical concepts, including solubility, critical temperature, dislocation defects, slip, and diffusion, and how they affect the microstructure, properties, and behaviors of steel.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
...Abstract Abstract Structurally differentiated intermetallic phases are important constituents in the microstructure of aluminum alloys, with the potential to influence properties, behaviors, and processing characteristics. These phases can form in aluminum-silicon alloys with transition metals...
Abstract
Structurally differentiated intermetallic phases are important constituents in the microstructure of aluminum alloys, with the potential to influence properties, behaviors, and processing characteristics. These phases can form in aluminum-silicon alloys with transition metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, V, Ti) and with metals such as Mg and Cu. This chapter is a compilation of phase diagrams, microstructure images, and tables, providing information on more than 30 binary, ternary, and quaternary alloy systems associated with intermetallic phases in aluminum-silicon castings. Each section includes tabular information and data on the intermetallic phases in the aluminum corner of the equilibrium phase diagram, the characteristics of the crystal lattice of intermetallic phases, the chemical composition of the alloy intermetallic phases, and equilibrium reactions in the alloy system.
Image
in Stainless Steels
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 16.32 Molar fraction of phases in equilibrium as a function of temperature for an ASTM A890/A890M, Grade 6A duplex stainless steel. Solubilization annealing is usually performed around 1100 °C (2010 °F). Below approximately 1000 °C (1830 °F), ferrite decomposes in austenite and sigma (σ
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in Stainless Steels
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 16.38 Molar fraction of phases in equilibrium as a function of temperature for an ASTM A890/A890M Grade 1C duplex stainless steel. Solubilization annealing is normally performed above 1000 °C (1830 °F). Below approximately 950 °C (1740 °F) ferrite decomposes into austenite and sigma (σ
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Published: 01 August 2013
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Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 5.3 Effect of aluminum and titanium contents on the phases present at 800 °C (1470 °F) in Fe-15Cr-25Ni-modified stainless steel. Source: Ref 4
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in Solid Solutions and Phase Transformations
> Phase Diagrams<subtitle>Understanding the Basics</subtitle>
Published: 01 March 2012
Fig. 2.1 The distribution of atoms in solid, liquid, and vapor phases of alloys. (a) Two solid solutions formed in a 50% Fe-50% Cu alloy. (b) Liquid phase formed by 50% Fe-%50 Cu alloy. (c) Two liquid phases formed in a 50% Zn-50% Pb alloy. (d) Vapor phase formed by a 50% Zn-50% Pb alloy. Adapted
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Published: 01 March 2012
Fig. 5.17 Diffusion fields ahead of the growing α and β phases in (a) isolated and (b) coupled eutectic growth. The dark arrow represents the flux of B atoms. Source: Ref 5.7 as published in Ref 5.6
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in Computer Simulation of Phase Diagrams
> Phase Diagrams<subtitle>Understanding the Basics</subtitle>
Published: 01 March 2012
Fig. 13.13 Distribution of aluminum and molybdenum in the α and β phases for the same Ti-6242 alloy as in Fig. 13.12 . The lines were calculated from PanTi and experimental data. Source: Ref 13.7 and 13.10 as published in Ref 13.2
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Published: 31 December 2020
Fig. 11 Isothermal precipitation kinetics for detrimental σ/χ phases for the 254 SMO ® (S31254), 904L, and 317LMN alloys. For comparison, the stability curve for the formation of chromium carbide in type 316 stainless steel is presented. Source: Ref 10
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Published: 31 December 2020
Fig. 15 Isothermal precipitation kinetics for carbides, σ/χ, and α′ phases in types 2304, 2205, and 2507 duplex stainless steels. Source: Ref 10
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Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 7.3 Variations in the amounts of carbide phases with tempering temperature. Tempering time, 5 h. Source: Ref 5
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in Petroleum Reactor Pressure-Vessel Materials for Hydrogen Service
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 7.34. Crack propagation through delta ferrite and sigma phases in type 347 stainless steel weld-metal cladding ( Ref 39 ).
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 3-9 Heat tinting at 1100°F (593°C) for 5 min was used to color phases in austentic stainless steel weld metal (preetched with Vilella’s reagent). Austenite colored (blue) more rapidly than delta ferrite (cream-white), 150 ×.
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 14.24 Phases present in various commercial alloys at various quenching temperatures. Source: Ref 14.10
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 2.21 Microstructures of various phases of steel. Source: Ref 2.4
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