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Grażyna Mrówka-Nowotnik, Małgorzata Warmuzek
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Sebastian Brand, Frank Altmann
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Cary A. Gloor
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Book Chapter
Corrosion by Halogen and Hydrogen Halides
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... Abstract Alloys containing elements that form volatile or low-melting-point halides are susceptible to high-temperature corrosion attack. This chapter explains how to determine whether such phases are likely to form, and the rate at which they occur, based on thermodynamic data and phase...
Abstract
Alloys containing elements that form volatile or low-melting-point halides are susceptible to high-temperature corrosion attack. This chapter explains how to determine whether such phases are likely to form, and the rate at which they occur, based on thermodynamic data and phase stability diagrams. It provides an extensive amount of high-temperature corrosion data for metals and alloys in gaseous environments containing chlorine and hydrogen chloride; fluorine and hydrogen fluoride; bromine and hydrogen bromide; and iodine and hydrogen iodide.
Book Chapter
Intermetallic Phases in Aluminum-Silicon Technical Cast Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
... includes tabular information and data on the intermetallic phases in the aluminum corner of the equilibrium phase diagram, the characteristics of the crystal lattice of intermetallic phases, the chemical composition of the alloy intermetallic phases, and equilibrium reactions in the alloy system...
Abstract
Structurally differentiated intermetallic phases are important constituents in the microstructure of aluminum alloys, with the potential to influence properties, behaviors, and processing characteristics. These phases can form in aluminum-silicon alloys with transition metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, V, Ti) and with metals such as Mg and Cu. This chapter is a compilation of phase diagrams, microstructure images, and tables, providing information on more than 30 binary, ternary, and quaternary alloy systems associated with intermetallic phases in aluminum-silicon castings. Each section includes tabular information and data on the intermetallic phases in the aluminum corner of the equilibrium phase diagram, the characteristics of the crystal lattice of intermetallic phases, the chemical composition of the alloy intermetallic phases, and equilibrium reactions in the alloy system.
Book Chapter
Understanding the Metallurgy of Titanium
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... transformations, and the formation of secondary phases. The chapter presents and interprets a wide range of micrographs and includes several tables containing composition and tensile property data for many titanium alloys. alloying elements microstructure phase diagrams titanium alloys Crystal...
Abstract
This chapter covers the basic metallurgy of titanium, explaining how it influences the development of microstructure and the mechanical properties that can be achieved. It describes the nature of each of the four major phases of titanium, the effect of alloying elements on phase transformations, and the formation of secondary phases. The chapter presents and interprets a wide range of micrographs and includes several tables containing composition and tensile property data for many titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Structure/Property Relationships
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... Abstract This chapter examines the effect of heat treating and other processes on the microstructure-property relationships that occur in superalloys. It discusses precipitation and grain-boundary hardening and how they influence the phases, structures, and properties of various alloys...
Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of heat treating and other processes on the microstructure-property relationships that occur in superalloys. It discusses precipitation and grain-boundary hardening and how they influence the phases, structures, and properties of various alloys. It explains how the delta phase, which is used to control grain size in IN-718, improves strength and prevents stress-rupture embrittlement. It describes heat treatments for different product forms, discusses the effect of tramp elements on grain-boundary ductility, and explains how section size and test location influence measured properties. It also provides information and data on the physical and mechanical properties of superalloys, particularly tensile strength, creep-rupture, fatigue, and fracture, and discusses related factors such as directionality, porosity, orientation, elongation, and the effect of coating and welding processes.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190vii
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
... solubility data and maps out the topics covered in subsequent chapters in the book. aluminum-silicon alloys intermetallic phases microstructure THE GENERAL TREND to conserve natural resources makes aluminum alloys suitable for construction materials. Aluminum alloys very often serve...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the microstructure-property relationships associated with aluminum-silicon alloys. It includes information on commercial designations and grades, phase compositions, solidification paths, alloying elements, and intermetallic phases. It also provides solubility data and maps out the topics covered in subsequent chapters in the book.
Book Chapter
Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
..., and nitrocarburizing. It describes the primary objectives of each treatment along with processing sequences, process parameters, and related phase transformations. The chapter contains more than 100 images, including time-temperature diagrams, transformation curves, data plots, and detailed micro- and macrographs...
Abstract
This chapter provides a practical understanding of heat treatments and how to employ them to optimize the properties and structures of cast irons and steels. It discusses annealing, normalizing, quenching, tempering, patenting, carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing. It describes the primary objectives of each treatment along with processing sequences, process parameters, and related phase transformations. The chapter contains more than 100 images, including time-temperature diagrams, transformation curves, data plots, and detailed micro- and macrographs. It also discusses the concepts of hardenability, critical diameter, quench severity, and Jominy testing.
Book Chapter
Microstructure of Aluminum-Silicon Technical Casting Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
..., before and after modification. The chapter also provides composition data and includes callouts identifying various phase constituents in the interdendritic eutectic microstructure. cast aluminum-silicon alloys microstructure phase constituents MICROSTRUCTURE IMAGES represent...
Abstract
This chapter is an atlas of microstructures observed in AlSi7Mg, AlSi11, and Al21CuNiMg modified with either eutectic (strontium, sodium) or hypereutectic (phosphorus) silicon crystals. The microstructure images reveal the as-cast state of gravity castings made in sand and metal molds, before and after modification. The chapter also provides composition data and includes callouts identifying various phase constituents in the interdendritic eutectic microstructure.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Thermo-Calc and Instructions for Accessing Free Demonstration Version
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... chemical interactions in solution phases. These databases are based on the critical evaluation of thermodynamic and phase equilibria data for binary, ternary, and some higher-order systems, which are then assembled into self-consistent databases. Different databases are available for different broad...
Abstract
This appendix provides a brief introduction to Thermo-Calc, explains what it is, and lists its uses. Instructions for accessing a demonstration version of the software are also provided.
Book Chapter
Computer Simulation of Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... because they are assemblages of assessed data for stoichiometric condensed phases and gaseous species. They have none of the difficulties associated with nonideal mixing of substances, which is the case for a “solution” database. However, internal self consistency still must be maintained. For example...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of a computational method, called CALPHAD, used for the study of phase equilibria in multicomponent systems. It describes the thermodynamic models and calculation techniques employed in the software and explains how it applies to complex alloys used in industry. It also provides examples showing how CALPHAD has been used to determine the formability of metallic glass, calculate the dilation of stainless steel during phase transformation, and predict the beta transus and approach curves of commercial titanium alloys.
Image
Published: 01 June 1983
Figure 9.20 Phase boundaries and experimentally determined T ms for the Ti–Nb alloy system. Phase boundary data from Hansen, Kamen, Kessler, and McPherson (1951) ; Jepson, Brown, and Gray (1970) ; Salter, Raymond, Boom, and Vetrano (1966) . T ms data from Brown et al. (1964) ; Duwez
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Book Chapter
Phase Diagram Fundamentals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 January 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdktmse.t56100001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-470-3
... view phase diagrams as set in stone with no error associated with the various phase lines. While phase diagrams are accurate, the reader should realize that they are created from experimental data. Most diagrams have been agreed on after hundreds or thousands of experiments. However, errors are found...
Abstract
Phase diagrams serve as a map to the phases present in an alloy at different temperatures and compositions. They also help in assessing mechanical properties, selecting heat treat temperatures, warning of possible solidification problems, and identifying routes for creating desired microstructures. This chapter familiarizes readers with the information contained in binary phase diagrams and the methods used to extract it. It explains how thermocouple measurements are used to determine liquidus, solidus, and eutectic reaction lines, how differential scanning calorimetry shows where phase reactions occur, and how x-ray diffraction identifies the actual phases present. It demonstrates the use of tie lines for determining phase composition at different temperatures and the application of the level rule to calculate phase fractions. It also discusses the CALPHAD method and presents computed binary phase diagrams that account for the presence of inclusions, oxygen content, and secondary phases.
Book Chapter
3D Hot-Spot Localization by Lock-in Thermography
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... of the corresponding thermal response that is measured at the devices surface [4] [5] . This delay is normalized to the analysis frequency and expressed in terms of a phase shift. The classical lock-in approach repeats the data acquisition at multiple frequencies to obtain a phase shift versus frequency...
Abstract
This chapter describes three approaches for 3D hot-spot localization of thermally active defects by lock-in thermography (LIT). In the first section, phase-shift analysis for analyzing stacked die packages is performed. The second example employs defocusing sequences for the localization of resistive electrical shorts in 3D architectures, and the third operates in cross sectional LIT mode to investigate defects in the insulation liner of Through Silicon Vias. All three approaches allow for a precise localization of thermally active defects in all three spatial dimensions to guide subsequent high-resolution physical analyses.
Image
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 3.4 Examples of how steel composition can affect the Ac 1 , Ac 3 , and Ac cm phase boundaries. Data for 3%NiCr steel are experimental; data for 8620 steel are estimated. Source: Ref 12 , 13
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Book Chapter
Dual-Phase Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... the ductility and strain hardening of the DP steel. Tensile data for three grain sizes of dual-phase (DP) steel Table 5.2 Tensile data for three grain sizes of dual-phase (DP) steel DP steel martensite volume fraction ~40% Grain size, μm Yield strength, MPa Ultimate tensile strength, MPa...
Abstract
Dual-phase (DP) steels have the widest usage in the automotive industry because of their excellent combination of strength and ductility. This chapter presents the composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, formability, and attributes of DP steels. It also discusses the basic approaches for the commercial production of DP steels.
Book Chapter
The Power of Semiconductor Memory Failure Signature Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110506
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... dedicated to the row decoding is completely cycled through before any of the column decoding portion of the address bus is switched. The second phase in this example is +(Rwr) which means that a read operation of true data is followed by a write operation of complement data, and then followed by a read...
Abstract
Semiconductor memories are superb drivers for process yield and reliability improvement because of their highly structured architecture and use of aggressive layout rules. This combination provides outstanding failure signature analysis possibilities for the entire design, manufacturing, and test process. This article discusses five key disciplines of the signature analysis process that need to be orchestrated within the organization: design for test practices, test floor data collection methodology, post-test data analysis tools, root cause theorization, and physical failure analysis strategies.
Book Chapter
Total Strain-Based Strain-Range Partitioning—Isothermal and Thermomechanical Fatigue
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... Abstract This chapter explains why it is sometimes necessary to separate inelastic from elastic strains and how to do it using one of two methods. It first discusses the direct calculation of strain-range components from experimental data associated with large strains. It then explains how...
Abstract
This chapter explains why it is sometimes necessary to separate inelastic from elastic strains and how to do it using one of two methods. It first discusses the direct calculation of strain-range components from experimental data associated with large strains. It then explains how the method can be extended to the treatment of very low inelastic strains by adjusting tensile and compressive hold periods and continuous cycling frequencies. The chapter then begins the presentation of the second approach, called the total strain-range method, so named because it combines elastic and inelastic strain into a total strain range. The discussion covers important features, procedures, and correlations as well as the use of models and the steps involved in predicting thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) life. It also includes information on isothermal fatigue, bithermal creep-fatigue testing, and the predictability of the method for TMF cycling.
Image
(A) Schematic of a two-die stacked device with thermal defects “A” and “B” ...
Available to Purchase
in 3D Hot-Spot Localization by Lock-in Thermography
> Microelectronics Failure Analysis: Desk Reference
Published: 01 November 2019
Figure 8 (A) Schematic of a two-die stacked device with thermal defects “A” and “B” at different die levels, (B) amplitude images of a defect at the upper die at the indicated frequencies extracted from the data of a 1 Hz LIT-TRTR measurement, and (C) related phase shift to frequency
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Book Chapter
Natural Gas Internal Pipeline Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... phase versus the water phase has a significant effect on corrosion ( Ref 35 ). Metal surfaces that are oil-wet show significantly lower corrosion rates ( Ref 36 ). The degree of protection provided by oil films can be quantified only as a function of water cut and velocity. Figure 10 shows data...
Abstract
This chapter examines methods of internal corrosion prediction for multiphase pipelines and details methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for natural gas pipelines. Further, real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical locations are discussed.
Image
Lattice parameters of Ti–Nb-alloy b.c.c., h.c.p., and orthorhombic phases. ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 1983
Figure 9.21 Lattice parameters of Ti–Nb-alloy b.c.c., h.c.p., and orthorhombic phases. Body-centered cubic ( β ) data from Vozilkin, Prekul, Rakin, Volkenshteyn, and Buynor (1968) ; Hansen et al. (1951) ; Hickman (1969) ; Bychkova, Baron, and Savitskii (1965) . Hexagonal ( α
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Image
Differences in corrosion rate and modality—(a) pitting and (b) general corr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2015
of electrochemical data from a partially dehydrated CO 2 gas pipeline liquid phase water/glycol and condensing vapor phase in system. Corrosion rates are given in mils per year (mpy). Source: Ref 100
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