Fig. 11.14 Variation of strokes per minute with the energy available for forming in a 500 ton mechanical press. [ Altan et al., 1972 ] More

Fig. 13.7 High-velocity rotary-type shear. (a) Tooling for one billet per revolution. (b) Tooling for two billets per revolution [ Altan et al., 1973 ] More

Fig. 16.3 Trend for energy consumption per ton of steel. Source: AUTO STEEL, Steel Market Development Institute More

Fig. 16.6 Embodied energy per unit strength. Source: Adapted from Ref 16.6 More

FIG. 7.11 Built in the 1960s, the Gateway Arch welcomes over a million visitors per year. Source: STL_Skyline_2007_edit.jpg , Buphoff derivative work. More

Fig. 17.25 Change in martensite lath boundary area per unit volume in martensite of an Fe-0.20% C alloy tempered at 400 °C (750 °F) for various times. Source: Ref 17.40 More

Fig. 7.7 Corrosion rate comparison (in mils per year, or mpy) between as-sprayed coating and after annealing at 1100 °C (2010 °F). Source: Ref 7.23 More

Fig. 8.11 Evolution of corrosion rate (in millimeters per year, or mmpy) as a function (linear regression) of accelerated salt fog corrosion test environment. Source: Ref 8.46 More

Fig. 5 Torque rheometry, function of parts per hundred of filler More

Fig. 6 Torque rheometry, function of parts per hundred of lubricant More

Fig. 17 Heat-deflection temperature per ASTM D 648 at 1.8 MPa (0.264 ksi) of thermoplastics according to thermomechanical analysis; 5 °C/min (9 °F/min) in flexure. PVC, polyvinyl chloride; LDPE, low-density polyethylene; HDPE, high-density polyethylene; PC, polycarbonate More

Fig. 5 Expansion coefficients, per linear rule of mixtures. PE, polyethylene; PSU, polysulfone; EP, epoxy More

Fig. 7.25 Fatigue crack growth per fatigue cycle ( da / dN ) versus stress intensity variation ( Δ K ) per cycle. The C and n are constants that can be obtained from the intercept and slope, respectively, of the linear log da / dN versus log Δ K plot. This equation for fatigue crack More

Figure 9 Summary of PDMS counts per measured variant of DA material at the distance of 1 mm from the droplet. More

Fig. 17 Flow velocity (in feet per second) versus total acid number (TAN) for naphthenic acid impingement attack of 5Cr-0.5Mo steel at 345 °C (650 °F). 40 mils/yr = 1 mm/yr. Source: Ref 35 More

Fig. 18 Flow velocity (in feet per second) versus total acid number (TAN) for naphthenic acid impingement attack of 9Cr-1Mo steel at 345 °C (650 °F). 40 mils/yr = 1 mm/yr. Source: Ref 35 More

Fig. 2 General crack growth curve showing time interval ( H ) to reach maximum permissible crack size ( a p ) . Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 6.30 Productivity measured by the parts per minute possible in die compaction. The higher-compaction presses naturally run slower. More

Fig. 4.22 Specific heat of beryllium (per gram) as a function of temperature. Source: Lillie 1955 More

Fig. 7 Alloy 2024-T3 sheet clad with alloy 1230 (5% per side), solution heat treated. Normal amount of copper and magnesium diffusion from base metal into cladding (top). Keller’s reagent. 100× More