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particle drag
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... effect of particle and solute drag. forging grain size heat treatment particle drag phase transformation recrystallization solute drag AS MENTIONED in Chapter 5, “Mechanical Properties,” it is important to keep the grain size of steels as small as possible in order to improve...
Abstract
Grain size has a determining effect on the mechanical properties of steel and responds favorably to forging and heat treating. This chapter explains how to measure and quantify grain size and how to control it through thermal cycling and forging operations. It describes how surface tension acting on grain-boundary segments contributes to grain growth and how the formation of new grains, driven by phase transformations and recrystallization, lead to a reduction in average grain size. It also discusses the effect of alloying elements on grain growth rates, particularly the curbing effect of particle and solute drag.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... in a moment, and it disappears. 5.2.2 Transformation Temperature and Pressure of Fine Particles The internal pressure Δ P based on the surface (interface) tension gives the following change to the free energy ( G = U + PV – TS ). (Eq 5.12) Δ G = Δ P ⋅ V = 2 σ V r...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... in the nozzle results from the drag force on the particle. Thus, particle velocity for a spherical particle can be calculated from a force balance given as ( Ref 3.56 ): (Eq 3.8) v p d v p d z = 3 4 C d ρ ( v − v p ) | v − v p | ρ p d p...
Abstract
The modeling and simulation activities in the field of high-pressure cold spray can be divided into two main parts: solid mechanics and fluid dynamics. This chapter focuses on these parts of modeling work in cold spray research. The discussion covers the objective, principal concepts, methods, and outcome of modeling and simulation of particle impact and of in-flight history of particles in cold spraying. The concept of integration of particle impact and fluid flow modeling to optimize cold spray deposition for a given material is also explained.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... one particle to another. Cope . . . Upper or topmost section of a flask, mold, or pattern. Coping Out. . . The extension of sand of the cope downward into the drag, where it takes an impression of a pattern. Core . . . A preformed sand aggregate inserted in a mold to shape the interior or that part...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... can be characterized by a single key word: cutting . Abrasive wear occurs when hard particles suspended in a fluid or projections from one surface roll or slide under pressure against another surface, as shown in Fig. 1 , thereby cutting the other surface. Indeed, machining would fall...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the causes and effects of wear along with prevention methods. It covers abrasive, erosive, erosion-corrosion, grinding, gouging, adhesive, and fretting wear. It also discusses various forms of contact-stress fatigue, including subsurface-origin fatigue, surface-origin fatigue, subcase-origin fatigue (spalling fatigue), and cavitation fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... drag on bainite formation mechanisms. It also discusses the development of ferrite-carbide bainites and their effect on toughness, hardness, and ductility. bainite bainitic transformation ferrite mechanical behavior Bainite—An Intermediate Temperature Transformation Product of Austenite...
Abstract
Bainite is an intermediate temperature transformation product of austenite. This chapter describes the conditions under which bainite is likely to form. It discusses the effects of alloying on bainitic transformation, the difference between upper and lower bainite, and the influence of solute drag on bainite formation mechanisms. It also discusses the development of ferrite-carbide bainites and their effect on toughness, hardness, and ductility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
.... Such separation arises due to poor adhesion that allows powder separation. Another factor is particle alignment. At a high flow velocity, the particles align behind one another, similar to how race cars tuck behind leaders to lower drag. The denser particles migrate and concentrate to the centerline. Drag...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of various attributes related to mixing and testing of powder-binder feedstocks. Mixing parameters and their effects on feedstock properties is discussed. The attributes reviewed include mixture homogeneity, wetting, powder-binder ratio, feedstock density, elastic modulus, rheological behavior, particle size, formulation control, feedstock mixing, and feedstock properties. The chapter also provides information on the processes involved in feedstock preparation and testing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... temperature deformation of copper single crystals. J. Appl. Phys . 28 , 651 – 660 . 10.1063/1.1722824 Brown L. M. and Ham R. K. (1971) . Dislocation-particle interactions. In Strengthening Mechanisms in Crystals (eds. Kelly A. and Nicholson R. B. ). Halstead, Essex...
Abstract
The mechanical properties of a material describe the relations between the stresses acting on the material and its resulting deformations. Stresses capable of producing permanent deformations, which remain after the stresses are removed, are considered in this chapter. The effects of cryogenic temperatures on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys are reviewed in this chapter; the effects on polymers and glasses are discussed briefly. The fundamental mechanisms controlling temperature-dependent mechanical behavior, phenomena encountered in low-temperature testing, and the mechanical properties of some representative engineering metals and alloys are described. Modifications of test procedures for low temperatures and sources of data are also included.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... usually is very hard and brittle. Thus, it is readily crushed and fragmented into much smaller particles, which can cause abrasive wear and other damage when carried by the lubricant to other parts of the mechanism. Bearings, both the rolling and sliding types; gears; and component parts, such as pumps...
Abstract
The wear caused by contact stress fatigue is the result of a wide variety of mechanical forces and environments. This chapter discusses the characteristics of four types of contact stress fatigue on mating metal surfaces: surface, subsurface, subcase, and cavitation. Features and corrective actions for these contact stress fatigue are discussed. The chapter also lists some possible ways to reduce the cavitation fatigue problem.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... ratio of the spray nozzle. Particle impact velocities depend on the acceleration in the surrounding gas jet, which is governed by the gas velocity, the related drag forces by the gas density or pressure, the nozzle length, and the powder mass. The particle temperature upon impact depends on various...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the current understanding of high-pressure cold spraying for different materials, covering widely accepted general mechanisms for particle deposition and the processes and parameters involved. It begins by reviewing the mechanisms of bonding. An overview of the optimization of the critical process parameters for improving coating qualities is then provided. This is followed by a separate section dealing with bonding between different materials and addressing influences on adhesion to the substrate as well as the cohesion between dissimilar coating constituents. The knowledge of the basic science and mechanisms finally allows for discussion on the requirements for suitable cold spray equipment and of the parameter sets needed for successful coating deposition.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... with specially bonded core sand and compacted much like the mold itself. Cores are placed in the drag, or bottom section, of the mold, and the mold is then closed by placing the cope, or top section, over the drag. Mold closing completes the production of the mold, into which the molten metal is then poured...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola, crucible, and vacuum melting, and common casting techniques such as sand casting, plaster and shell casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, cold and hot chamber die casting, squeeze casting, semisolid metal processing, and centrifugal casting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290261
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... All rights reserved www.asminternational.org APPENDIX Glossary A acicular powder. Needle-shaped particles good for debinding strength but generally detrimental to the forming process because they resist ow in molding. additive manufacturing (AM). A process of joining materials to make components from...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.9781627083195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... indicate that in most practical cases, the erodent particles actually strike the surface at a variety of shallower angles, depending on the size and velocity of the particles and the drag exerted on them by the conveying fluid. For impacts normal to the target surface, therefore, it is likely that only...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... by a discussion on the tools used for measuring bulk properties to monitor sintering and density. The effects of key parameters, such as particle size, oxygen content, sintering atmosphere, and peak temperature, on the sintered properties are discussed. Further, the chapter covers sintering cycles and sintering...
Abstract
After shaping and first-stage binder removal, the component (with remaining backbone binder) is heated to the sintering temperature. Further heating induces densification, evident as dimensional shrinkage, pore rounding, and improved strength. This chapter begins with a discussion on the events that are contributing to sintering densification, followed by a discussion on the driving forces, such as surface energy, and high-temperature atomic motion as well as the factors affecting these processes. The process of microstructure evolution in sintering is then described, followed by a discussion on the tools used for measuring bulk properties to monitor sintering and density. The effects of key parameters, such as particle size, oxygen content, sintering atmosphere, and peak temperature, on the sintered properties are discussed. Further, the chapter covers sintering cycles and sintering practices adopted as well as provides information on dimensional control and related concerns of sintering. Cost issues associated with sintering are finally covered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
..., similar to that of a fluid, is shown in Fig. 6-13 . When gas is forced upward through small holes in a supporting plate, two forces meet to raise the particles: the buoyancy of the gas and the retarding force known as aerodynamic drag. Fig. 6-13 Schematic showing the principle of the fluidized-bed...
Abstract
Furnaces for heat treatment of tool steels include ceramic-lined salt bath furnaces, vacuum furnaces, controlled-atmosphere furnaces, and fluidized-bed furnaces. This chapter describes the classification, operating principles, application, advantages, and disadvantages of each type of furnace.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
.... It has been shown that nucleation of pores is difficult in the absence of some sort of substrate, such as a nonmetallic inclusion, a grain refiner, or a second-phase particle. Investigations have shown that castings free of inclusions have less porosity than castings that contain inclusions...
Abstract
Almost all metals and alloys are produced from liquids by solidification. For both castings and wrought products, the solidification process has a major influence on both the microstructure and mechanical properties of the final product. This chapter discusses the three zones that a metal cast into a mold can have: a chill zone, a zone containing columnar grains, and a center-equiaxed grain zone. Since the way in which alloys partition on freezing, it follows that all castings are segregated to different categories. The different types of segregation discussed include normal, gravity, micro, and inverse. The chapter also provides information on grain refinement and secondary dendrite arm spacing and porosity and shrinkage in castings. It concludes with a brief overview of six of the most important casting processes in industries: sand casting, plaster mold casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, and die casting.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... velocities were obtained with the irregular powder from supplier 2, because of the higher drag force in that case. However, particle velocities of all powders measured at these conditions, ranging from ~480 to 820 m/s (1570 to 2700 ft/s), appeared to be within the deposition window between the erosion...
Abstract
The Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) investigates approaches for managing Canada's used nuclear fuel. As part of a larger program investigating concepts of copper coatings, NWMO has begun exploring copper cold spray in collaboration with the National Research Council. Within the coating program, a large variety of copper coating sizes have been investigated, from small corrosion coupons to full-scale used-fuel containers/canisters (UFCs). This chapter demonstrates the successful application of copper coating technology to full-scale geometric representative Mark II UFC mock-up configurations through activities involving powder selection, general coating development, UFC coating optimization, and prototyping.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... strainers are widely used and are the lowest cost. They trap only the larger particles and are suitable for quench tanks. In applications that use spray quenching, a higher degree of filtration is recommended to help keep the holes in the quench rings from clogging. In this case, cartridge- and bag-type...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
..., and the frictional drag drops. (c) Use of a die diameter of proper size can prevent flare. In the beginning of the extrusion, as shown in Fig. 14(a) , the container liner is properly sealed with the die face due to the combined effect of sealing pressure and the frictional drag at the billet container...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion characteristics of relatively soft aluminum alloys. It begins by identifying alloy designations within the class and the types of extrusions made from them. It then explains how extruded shapes and cross-sections are defined and how to analyze and assess important process variables such as runout, extrusion pressure, ram speed, and butt thickness. It also provides best practices for various operations and explains how to identify and remedy common extrusion defects.