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paper and pulp industry
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... susceptible to corrosion. This chapter describes some of the problems that the pulp and paper industry has solved as well as ongoing issues and concerns. It includes an in-depth review of 304L cladding failures involving coextruded composite tubes used as floor tunes in the lower furnace, as superheater tubes...
Abstract
Black liquor recovery boilers are an integral part of the kraft pulping process used in paper mills. Besides recovering chemicals for reuse, they also produce process steam. High operating temperatures and exposure to process chemicals and combustion byproducts make recovery boilers susceptible to corrosion. This chapter describes some of the problems that the pulp and paper industry has solved as well as ongoing issues and concerns. It includes an in-depth review of 304L cladding failures involving coextruded composite tubes used as floor tunes in the lower furnace, as superheater tubes, and for other purposes such as smelt openings. It provides detailed images showing cracks on the outer surfaces of the tubes and explains where the tubes were used and how they were operated.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Abstract This chapter is a brief account of the applications of stainless steel in processes pertinent to the pulp-and-paper industry. stainless steel pulp and paper industry Summary THE PULP-AND-PAPER INDUSTRY has seen more benefits from developments in stainless steel than any...
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... for carbon and low-alloy, steel weldments. In BWR piping systems, the primary concern has been intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (IGSCC). Corrosive environments are found in a number of process stages in the pulp and paper industry including pulp production, pulp processing and chemical recovery, pulp...
Abstract
This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics, types of weld corrosion issues, and prevention or mitigation strategies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
..., refining and petrochemical, fossil-fired power generation, coal gasification, waste-to-energy industry, pulp and paper, heat treating, mineral and metallurgical processing, and others. The technical data presented in this book are pertinent to “real” materials problems related to the aforementioned...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the topics covered in the book and explains why and to whom the book was written. The book is intended for engineers, metallurgists, and failure analysts who work with materials and components that operate in high-temperature corrosive environments. It covers eight basic modes of high-temperature corrosion as well as the effect of external and residual stresses. It also provides an extensive amount of engineering data associated primarily with commercial alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030180
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... and paper digesters ( Ref 7 – 9 ). Commercialization of anodic protection was begun by Continental Oil Company through license agreements. Independently and simultaneously, Corrosion Services in Canada began commercialization of anodic protection primarily in the pulp and paper industry. Since...
Abstract
Anodic protection is used on a smaller scale than other corrosion control techniques due to the fundamental electrochemistry involved. This chapter provides a brief history of the technique, discusses anodic protection use, and compares anodic and cathodic protection. The background and theory of anodic protection are summarized. In addition to briefly describing the various items used for each component of an anodic protection system, the chapter presents design concerns as well as applications of the system. Factors concerning the economic justification of anodic protection are also described.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... plants, paper mills, food and pharmaceutical industries, and the textile industry, boilers are used for power generation and/or for providing process steam and process heat. 1.2 Classification of Boilers Because the areas of application of boilers are very diverse, there is a need...
Abstract
Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... to remain strong, but growth is expected to come from alternative energy, semiconductor/electronic devices, steel, and paper and pulp. [ 5 ] The Value of Thermal Spray Technology: Examples of Application Success Stories A few examples where thermal spray technology has helped to sustain our way...
Abstract
This article provides a high-level overview of thermal spray technologies and their applications and benefits. It is intended to educate members of government, industry, and academia to the benefits of thermal spray technology. The article describes the value of thermal spray technology with examples of application success stories. A few applications critical to thermal spray and market growth are briefly discussed. The article also summarizes the key research areas in thermal spray technology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... from food processing and electronics to oil and gas, defense and pulp and paper industries. In fact, castings touch every aspect of our lives. Cast Steel Compared to Other Cast Metals Non-ferrous alloys have excellent machinability, and most are lighter than the iron family, but they do not have...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... strength when compared to typical carbon steels. They are also ductile and tough at very low subzero temperatures. Type 304 steel is used for chemical processing equipment, food, dairy, and beverage industries, and heat exchangers. Type 316 steel is used in chemical processing, the pulp and paper industry...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... seawater in offshore applications could do well on land as well. To give full credit, the pulp-and-paper industry was also beginning to employ duplex stainless steels for their processes. Type 316 stainless steel has passed from consideration as a material for handling brackish water or seawater...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... to cause aggressive damage in a number of industries, such as mining, mineral processing, chemical processing, pulp and paper production, and energy production. Corrosion and wear processes involve many mechanisms, the combined actions of which lead to the mutual reinforcement of their effectiveness...
Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief review of the different types of surface treatments and coatings used in industry and their effect on properties and performance. It then discusses the importance of corrosion and wear treatments and the consequences of failing to properly implement them in critical industries such as mining, energy production, transportation, and mineral and chemical processing. The chapter also describes basic approaches to dealing with corrosion and wear in steel.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... of closed-loop (zero discharge) processes in the pulp and paper industry, have increased the demand for stainless steels. The manufacturers of stainless steels have tended to specialize as either flat-product producers or long-product producers. Flat products include plate, sheet, strip, and foil...
Abstract
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys are recognized for their resistance to general corrosion and other categories of corrosion. This chapter examines the effects of specific alloying elements, metallurgical structure, and mechanical conditioning on the corrosion resistance of these alloys. Some categories of corrosion covered are pitting, crevice, intergranular, stress-corrosion cracking, general, and high-temperature corrosion.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.9781627084284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., paper and pulp manufacturing, and aircraft/aerospace. Stress-corrosion cracking is particularly insidious in that catastrophic failures can occur even at low applied stress levels (sometimes only residual in nature) and often with no warning. Environments causing SCC can be so mild that no evidence...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in carbon and low-alloy steels. It discusses crack initiation, propagation, and fracture in aqueous chloride, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, hydroxide, ammonia, nitrate, ethanol, methanol, and hydrogen gas environments. It explains how composition and microstructure influence SCC, as do mechanical properties such as strength and fracture toughness and processes such as welding and cold work. It also discusses the role of materials selection and best practices for welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... structures Highway maintenance Culvert piping Buildings and stoneworks Ancient and modern limestones, marbles, sandstones, granites, and mortars Pulp and paper Raw, process, and cooling water systems; paper machine headboxes and suction rolls Hydraulic systems Increased corrosivity...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the effects of microscopic organisms and the by-products they produce on the electrochemical corrosion of metals. It begins by considering the characteristics of organisms that allow them to interact with the corrosion processes, the mechanisms by which organisms can influence the occurrence or rate of corrosion, and the types of corrosion most often influenced by microbes. The chapter then discusses the formation of biofilms on the surface of metals. This is followed by a list of industries most often reported as being affected by microbiological corrosion, along with the organisms usually implicated in the attack. The types of attack that have most commonly been documented are illustrated through generalized case histories for different classes of alloys. The chapter also describes the general approaches to be taken to prevent microbiologically influenced corrosion. It ends with some information on the inhibition of corrosion by the action of bacteria.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract This chapter provides a detailed account of corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas production. It begins by discussing some of the demands of competitive industry on inhibitor formulations. It then describes the varying characteristics of oil wells, gas wells, water injection systems...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas production. It begins by discussing some of the demands of competitive industry on inhibitor formulations. It then describes the varying characteristics of oil wells, gas wells, water injection systems, and pipelines. The following sections provide information on the factors influencing corrosivity of produced fluids and the methods of inhibitor application. The chapter discusses the primary causes of corrosion problems and inhibition in waterfloods and provides an overview of bacteria-induced corrosion. Various laboratory testing methods of corrosion inhibitors and the methods used to monitor corrosion rates and inhibitor effectiveness are also presented. The chapter ends by providing information on quality control of inhibitors and computerization of inhibitor treating programs.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
...). Such alloys are used in a wide variety of sea water applications (they are highly resistant to chloride SCC), the pulp and paper industry, and the chemical processing industry. Among the process industry environments to which the superaustenitics are resistant are phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric...
Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels exhibit a single-phase, face-centered cubic structure that is maintained over a wide range of temperatures. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, and welding considerations of austenitic stainless steels. It also discusses general types of corrosive attack and their effects on service integrity as well as detection and control measures. The five corrosive attack mechanisms covered are intergranular corrosion, preferential attack associated with weld metal precipitates, pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... to build anodizing racks for aluminum. During the decade that followed, titanium was tried in every imaginable industrial application, but its real value was linked to its corrosion resistance. Early applications using this characteristic include pulp and paper chlorine dioxide bleach equipment, wet...
Abstract
This chapter describes the applications with the greatest impact on titanium consumption and global market trends. It explains where, how, and why titanium alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, chemical processing, medical, and military applications as well as power generating equipment, sporting goods, oil and gas production, and marine vessels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... to alternating between submersion and partial or total exposure. Carbon steels perform well in dry, rural atmospheres, but the rate of corrosion increases quickly in high-humidity saline or industrial atmospheres. The useful service life of carbon steels has been recorded for boiler service of up to 25 years...
Abstract
All materials are susceptible to corrosion or some form of environmental degradation. Although no single material is suitable for all applications, usually there are a variety of materials that will perform satisfactorily in a given environment. The intent of this chapter is to review the corrosion behavior of the major classes of metals and alloys as well as some nonmetallic materials, describe typical corrosion applications, and present some unique weaknesses of various types of materials. It also aims to point out some unique material characteristics that may be important in material selection, and discuss, where appropriate, the characteristic forms of corrosion that attack specific materials. The materials addressed in this chapter include carbon steels, weathering steels, and alloy steels; nickel, copper, aluminum, titanium, lead, magnesium, tin, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, and cobalt and their alloys; polymers; and other nonmetallic materials, including rubber, carbon and graphite, and woods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., there were numerous incidences of deaerator tank failures that resulted in injury to personnel and property damage losses. Since that time, organizations such as the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors and the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry have issued warnings...
Abstract
This chapter describes issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The forms of corrosion covered includes preferential heat affected zone corrosion, preferential weld metal corrosion, and galvanic corrosion. Industrial case studies demonstrating the necessity for testing each galvanic couple in the environment for which it is intended are presented. The chapter also discusses various factors associated with stress-corrosion cracking in oil refineries.