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pack cementation
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
..., application, and inspection and quality assurance. The next section discusses the methods by which metals, and in some cases their alloys, can be applied to almost all other metals and alloys: electroplating, electroless plating, hot dipping, thermal spraying, cladding, pack cementation, vapor deposition, ion...
Abstract
Organic coatings (paints and plastic or rubber linings), metallic coatings, and nonmetallic inorganic coatings (conversion coatings, cements, ceramics, and glasses) are used in applications requiring corrosion protection. These coatings and linings may protect substrates by three basic mechanisms: barrier protection, chemical inhibition, and galvanic (sacrificial) protection. This chapter begins with a section on organic coating and linings, providing a detailed account of the steps involved in the coating process, namely, design and selection, surface preparation, application, and inspection and quality assurance. The next section discusses the methods by which metals, and in some cases their alloys, can be applied to almost all other metals and alloys: electroplating, electroless plating, hot dipping, thermal spraying, cladding, pack cementation, vapor deposition, ion implantation, and laser processing. The last section focuses on nonmetallic inorganic coatings including ceramic coating materials, conversion coatings, and anodized coatings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... cementation. The chapter also covers ion implantation and laser alloying. anodizing conversion coating diffusion coating pack cementation SURFACE TREATMENTS that change the surface chemistry of a metal or alloy, but that do not involve intentional buildup or increase in part dimension, include...
Abstract
This chapter provides practical information on surface treatments that work by altering the surface chemistry of metals and alloys. It discusses the use of phosphate and chromate conversion coatings as well as anodizing, steam oxidation, diffusion coatings, and pack cementation. The chapter also covers ion implantation and laser alloying.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... but other alloys possible Electroslag (ESW) 4 15–35 5–20 High-quality deposits at higher deposit rate than SAW. Limited alloy range Source: Ref 4 Typical characteristics of pack cementation processes Table 6 Typical characteristics of pack cementation processes Process Nature...
Abstract
This chapter covers a wide range of finishing and coating operations, including cleaning, honing, polishing and buffing, and lapping. It discusses the use of rust-preventative compounds, conversion coatings, and plating metals as well as weld overlay, thermal spray, and ceramic coatings and various pack cementation and deposition processes. It also discusses the selection and use of industrial paints and paint application methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... Improved antiscuffing characteristics of ferrous alloys Diffusion (pack cementation) chromizing Improved molten-salt hot corrosion Diffusion (pack cementation) aluminizing Improved oxidation resistance, sulfidation resistance, and carburization resistance Diffusion (pack cementation...
Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief review of the different types of surface treatments and coatings used in industry and their effect on properties and performance. It then discusses the importance of corrosion and wear treatments and the consequences of failing to properly implement them in critical industries such as mining, energy production, transportation, and mineral and chemical processing. The chapter also describes basic approaches to dealing with corrosion and wear in steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... Fig. 14 Compares the abrasion resistance of TiN coatings applied by various thin-film processes Fig. 15 Compares the surface hardness of hardened tool steel and a cemented carbide with that of the following surface-hardening processes: TRD, CVD, PVD, boriding, chrome plating, electroless...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts surface-engineering processes based on process availability, corrosion and wear performance, distortion effects, penetration depth or attainable coating thickness, and cost. It provides both quantitative and qualitative information as well as measured property values.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... for their formation. Instead, a prealloyed material applied over the substrate determines the coating composition and microstructure. However, adhesion of the coating to the substrate is effected by some elemental interdiffusion. A flow path for a typical production-scale pack cementation process is shown in Fig...
Abstract
Superalloys tend to operate in environments where they are subjected to high-temperature corrosion, oxidation, and the erosive effects of hot gases. This chapter discusses the nature of these attacks and the effectiveness of various protection methods. It describes the primary forms of oxidation, the development of protective oxides, and the conditions associated with mixed gas corrosion and hot corrosion attack. It discusses oxidation and corrosion testing, the equipment used, and various ways to present the associated data. It describes the effect of gaseous oxidation on different alloys, discusses the formation of oxide scale in the presence of mixed gases, and explains how alloy composition contributes to oxide growth. The chapter discusses the underlying chemistry of hot corrosion, how to identify its effects, and how it progresses under various conditions. It also discusses protective coatings, including aluminide diffusion, overlay, and thermal barrier types, and how they perform in different environments based on their ability to tolerate strain.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
.... and Stephenson D.J. , Applications of Coating Technology and HIP to Advanced Materials Processing , Mater. High Temp. , Vol 9 , 1991 , p 110 – 120 10.1080/09603409.1991.11689648 • Goward G.W. and Cannon L.W. , Pack Cementation Coatings for Superalloys: A Review of History, Theory...
Abstract
This appendix includes selected references on topics related to the production and application of superalloys, including properties and microstructure; melting/ingot breakdown; forging/powder metallurgy; machining, heat treating, joining, refurbishment/repair; investment casting; coatings/corrosion; and modeling.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
..., by the pack cementation process described in Chapter 5 , fluidized-bed processing, trowel coating, and electrophoresis. The method of applying the coating is restricted by the type of coating, the type of metal to be coated, and the size and configuration of the work. More detailed information on ceramic...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of coating methods and materials and their impact on corrosion and wear behaviors. It provides detailed engineering information on a wide range of processes, including organic, ceramic, and hot dip coating, metal plating and cladding, and the use of weld overlays, thermal spraying, and various deposition technologies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.9781627083195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... Granule shape = irregular Molding machine = hydraulic, high pressure Metering back pressure = 3.5 MPa (0.5 ksi) Gate diameter = 3 mm (0.12 in.) Barrel temperature = 116 °C (240 °F) Nozzle temperature = 102 °C (215 °F) Peak packing pressure = 5 MPa (0.7 ksi) Screw diameter = 25 mm (1...
Abstract
This chapter provides details on powder-binder processing for three materials, namely precipitation-hardened 17-4 PH stainless steel, cemented carbides, and alumina. The types of powders, binders, feedstock, shaping processes, debinding, sintering cycles, compositions, microstructure, distortion, postsintering treatments, and mechanical properties are presented for each. The shaping options include powder-binder approaches such as binder jetting, injection molding, extrusion, slip and slurry casting, centrifugal casting, tape casting, and additive manufacturing. Sintering options are outlined with respect to attaining high final properties.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
...Abstract Abstract This chapter introduces the key powder fabrication attributes to assist in the identification of the right powders for an application. First, it describes the characteristics of engineering powders such as particle size distribution, powder shape and packing density, surface...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the key powder fabrication attributes to assist in the identification of the right powders for an application. First, it describes the characteristics of engineering powders such as particle size distribution, powder shape and packing density, surface area, powder flow and rheology, and chemical analysis. The chapter then describes the general categories of powder fabrication methods, namely mechanical comminution, electrochemical precipitation, thermochemical reaction, and phase change and atomization. It provides information on the two largest contributors to powder price, namely raw material cost and conversion cost. The applicability of various processes to specific material systems is mentioned throughout this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... less than 0.3% of the die dimension. Dies are typically made from tool steel or cemented carbide, with cemented carbide used in high-volume production. Sintering is the process through which the particle contacts achieved during compaction grow, and the physical and mechanical properties...
Abstract
This chapter covers the basic steps of the powder metallurgy process, including powder manufacture, powder blending, compacting, and sintering. It identifies important powder characteristics such as particle size, size distribution, particle shape, and purity. It compares and contrasts mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, and atomizing processes used in powder production, discusses powder treatments, and describes consolidation techniques along with secondary operations used to obtain special properties or improve dimensional precision. It also discusses common defects such as ejection cracks, density variations, and microlaminations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.9781627083324
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... and densification Inspection The process flow for the powder method is shown in Fig. 21.7 . A uniform, fine dispersion of the reinforcement and matrix powder helps minimize voids in the consolidated composite. When the constituents are not effectively packed, densification becomes more difficult...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the types of fibers and matrix materials used in ceramic matrix composites and the role of interfacial coatings. It describes the methods used to produce ceramic composites, including powder processing, slurry infiltration and consolidation, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, chemical vapor infiltration, directed metal oxidation, and liquid silicon infiltration.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
Abstract
This chapter discusses the particular corrosion problems encountered and the methods of control used in petroleum production and the storage and transportation of oil and gas up to the refinery. It begins by describing those aspects of corrosion that tend to be unique to corrosion as encountered in applications involving oil and gas exploration and production. This is followed by a section reviewing the methods of corrosion control, namely the proper selection of materials, protective coatings, cathodic protection systems, use of inhibitors, use of nonmetallic materials, and control of the environment. The chapter ends with a discussion on the problems encountered and protective measures that are based on the state-of-the-art as practiced daily by corrosion and petroleum engineers and production personnel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
..., or 676 °F). The crystal structure and chemical and mechanical properties differ enough to give cobalt a viable commercial life of its own. At temperatures below 417 °C (783 °F), cobalt exhibits a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure (ε-cobalt). Between 417 °C (783 °F) and its melting point of 1493...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties, behaviors, and uses of cobalt and its alloys. It explains how cobalt alloys are categorized and describes the commercial designations and grades that are available. It also provides composition information and explains how alloying elements and carbides affect toughness, hardness, ductility, and strength as well as resistance to heat, corrosion, and wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... Electromagnetic Forming (EMF) Superplastic Forming (SPF) Lubrication Mechanisms Lubricant Forms Lubricant Selection Cast Iron Zinc Alloy Hot Rolled Mild Steel Plate Cast Steel Tool Steels Aluminum Bronzes Cemented Carbides Plastics Blanking Piercing Notching...
Abstract
This chapter describes sheet metal forming operations, including cutting, blanking, piercing, and bending as well as deep drawing, spinning, press-brake and stretch forming, fluid forming, and drop hammer and electromagnetic forming. It also discusses the selection and use of die materials and lubricants along with superplastic forming techniques.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.9781627083157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... packing density gain with pH over 7. Source: Chen et al. ( Ref 2 ) Fig. 3.13 Chemical structure of cellulose, showing the nature of the oxygen bond between the repeat units Fig. 3.12 Schematic diagram conceptualizing how surfactant molecules attach to a particle surface to form a small...
Abstract
Generally, binders consist of at least three ingredients: a backbone to provide strength (compounds such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene vinyl acetate, and polystyrene); a filler, such as polyacetal and paraffin wax, to occupy space between particles; and additives, such as stearates, stearic acid, or magnesium stearate, as well as phosphates and sulfonates, to adjust viscosity, lubricate tooling, disperse particles, or induce binder wetting of the powder. In the case of binders deposited via ink jet printing, the binder contains solvents to lower the viscosity for easier jetting. The chapter provides a detailed description of these constituents. The requirements of a binder as well as the factors determining the physical and thermal properties of polymers are discussed. Then, two factors associated with solvation of polymers, namely solubility parameter and wetting, are covered. The chapter ends with information on the specification of polymers used in binders.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.9781627083232
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2