Search Results for oxide scales

Fig. 12.1 (Part 1) Oxide scales formed below 570 °C. Figures (a) to (c) show the same area. (a) to (d) High-purity iron. (a) Oxidized at 550 °C. Unetched. 500×. (b) Cathodic ion beam (details given in Ref 3 ). 500×. (c) Scanning electron micrograph. Cathodic ion beam (details given More

Fig. 3.20 Heavy oxide scales formed on the side of Type 321 recuperator tube that was exposed to the incoming air after 6 months of service with the metal temperatures approximately 620 to 670 °C (1150 to 1240 °F). This tube was from the same batch of tubes that shows surface chromium More

Fig. 3.24 Scanning electron micrograph (backscattered image) showing the oxide scales formed on the outside diameter of Type 321 tube (from supplier B) exposed to air at approximately 620 to 670 °C (1150 to 1240 °F) for 1008 hours. EDX analysis was performed to determine the chemical More

Fig. 3.47 Oxidation data in terms of metal loss, resulting from external oxide scales, and internal attack, resulting from internal oxide and/or void formation, for alumina-former alloy 214 and chromia/silica-former alloy HR160 along with several other nickel-and iron-base alloys, generated More

Fig. 3.58 Oxide scales formed on alloy 214 in a high-velocity gas stream (0.3 Mach velocity) with 30 min cycles at 1090 °C (2000 °F) for 500 h. Area 1: 96.5% Al, 1.5% Cr, 0.1% Fe, 1.9% Ni. Area 2: 75.2% Al, 6.2% Cr, 2.6% Fe, 16.0% Ni. Area 3: 95.8% Al, 1.0% Cr, 0.1% Fe, 3.1% Ni. Area 4: 53.0 More

Fig. 4.5 Formation of internal aluminum nitrides beneath external oxide scales and internal oxides in alloy 601 after exposing to a furnace oxidizing atmosphere for approximately 4 to 5 years in a temperature range of 760 to 870 °C (1400 to 1600 °F). (a) Optical micrograph showing the external More

Fig. 6.30 Scanning electron micrograph showing oxide scales and internal oxides for alloy 601 exposed at 900 °C (1650 °F) for 400 h in Ar-20O 2 -0.25Cl 2 . The results of the EDX analysis of the corrosion products on the areas, as marked No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5, are listed More

Fig. 10.25 Optical micrograph showing nonprotective Fe-Cr oxide scales formed on the ″430SS″ weld overlay. Courtesy of Welding Services Inc. More

Fig. 10.77 Scanning electron micrograph showing the oxide scales formed on the nearby location of the one shown in Fig. 10.76 on the severely wasted area for Type 304H reheater tube. Courtesy of Welding Services Inc. More

Fig. 4 Metal with oxide scale. (a) A protective scale that prevents gas access. (b) Schematic of electrochemical oxidation through a protective oxide scale that serves as electrolyte and electron lead. The case is for mobile cations More

Fig. 10.5 Temperature gradients through the inner oxide scale, tube wall, outer oxide scale, and ash/slag deposits. Source: Ref 12 More

Fig. 6 Variation of the oxidation rate and oxide scale structure with alloy chromium content (based on isothermal studies at 1000 °C, or 1832 °F, in 0.13 atm oxygen) More

Fig. 12.2 (Part 1) Oxide scale formed above the A 3 temperature and rapidly cooled. 0.3% C (0.29C-0.03Si-0.56Mn, wt%) normalized. Heated in air at 800 °C for 30 min. Cooled to room temperature at ~500 °C/h. (a) The white band at the top of the micrographs is an electrodeposit of nickel used More

Fig. 12.2 (Part 2) Oxide scale formed above the A 3 temperature and rapidly cooled. 0.3% C (0.29C-0.03Si-0.56Mn, wt%) normalized. Heated in air at 800 °C for 30 min. Cooled to room temperature at ~500 °C/h. (a) The white band at the top of the micrographs is an electrodeposit of nickel used More

Fig. 12.3 (Part 1) Oxide scale formed above the A 3 temperature and slowly cooled. 0.3% C(0.29C-0.03Si-0.56Mn, wt%) normalized. Heated in air at 800 °C for 30 min, cooled to room temperature at ~25 °C/min. The white band at the top of micrographs (a) to (c) is an electrodeposit of nickel used More

Fig. 12.3 (Part 2) Oxide scale formed above the A 3 temperature and slowly cooled. 0.3% C (0.29C-0.03Si-0.56Mn, wt%) normalized. Heated in air at 800 °C for 30 min, cooled to room temperature at ~25 °C/min. The white band at the top of micrographs (a) to (c) is an electrodeposit of nickel More

Fig. 12.4 (Part 1) Oxide scale formed at 700 °C. High-purity 1%C (0.99C-0.003Si-0.0005Mn, wt%). Austenitized at 950 °C, cooled slowly, oxidized at 700 °C in pure dry oxygen for (magnification shown in parentheses): (a) 2 min (2000×). (b) 1 h (750×). (c) 20 h (500×), and (d) 20 h (500×). More

Fig. 12.4 (Part 2) Oxide scale formed at 700 °C. High-purity 1% C (0.99C-0.003Si-0.0005Mn, wt%). Austenitized at 950 °C, cooled slowly, oxidized at 700 °C in pure dry oxygen for (magnification shown in parentheses): (a) 2 min (2000×). (b) 1 h (750×). (c) 20 h (500×), and (d) 20 h (500×). More

Fig. 14.1 Cracking of the oxide scale on alloy 800 during deformation at the strain rate of 10 –6 s –1 at 800 °C (1470 °F) in air. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 14.2 Rehealed oxide-scale crack on alloy 800H during deformation at the strain rate of 10 –8 s –1 at 800 °C (1470 °F) in air. Source: Ref 2 More