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Book Chapter
Introduction—Composite Materials and Optical Microscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
..., and dispersed-phase toughening. In addition, the chapter provides information on interlayer-toughened composites and honeycomb or foam structure composite materials. It also discusses the processes in optical microscopy of composite materials. dispersed-phase toughening honeycomb structure infusion...
Abstract
This chapter provides a general description of materials and methods for manufacturing high-performance composites. The materials covered are polymer matrices and prepreg materials and the methods include infusion processes, composite-toughening methods, matrix-toughening methods, and dispersed-phase toughening. In addition, the chapter provides information on interlayer-toughened composites and honeycomb or foam structure composite materials. It also discusses the processes in optical microscopy of composite materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.9781627083492
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... Abstract Moore's Law has driven many degree circuit features below the resolving capability of optical microscopy. Yet the optical microscope remains a valuable tool in failure analysis. This article describes the physics governing resolution and useful techniques for extracting the small...
Abstract
Moore's Law has driven many degree circuit features below the resolving capability of optical microscopy. Yet the optical microscope remains a valuable tool in failure analysis. This article describes the physics governing resolution and useful techniques for extracting the small details. It begins with the basic microscope column and construction. The article discusses microscope adjustments, brightfield and darkfield illumination, and microscope concepts important to liquid crystal techniques. It also discusses solid immersion lenses, infrared and ultraviolet microscopy and concludes with laser microscopy techniques such as thermal induced voltage alteration and external induced voltage alteration.
Book Chapter
Fault Isolation Using Time Domain Reflectometry, Electro Optical Terahertz Pulse Reflectometry and Time Domain Transmissometry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110132
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... review of conventional TDR and its application limitations to advanced packages in semiconductor industry. The article introduces electro optical terahertz pulse reflectometry (EOTPR) and discusses how its improvements of using high frequency impulse signal addressed application challenges and quickly...
Abstract
Time-domain based characterization methods, mainly time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and time-domain transmissometry (TDT), have been used to locate faults in twisted cables, telegraph lines, and connectors in the electrical and telecommunication industry. This article provides a brief review of conventional TDR and its application limitations to advanced packages in semiconductor industry. The article introduces electro optical terahertz pulse reflectometry (EOTPR) and discusses how its improvements of using high frequency impulse signal addressed application challenges and quickly made it a well-adopted tool in the industry. The third part of this article introduces a new method which combines impulse signal and the TDT concept, and discusses a combo TDR and TDT method. Cases studies and application notes are shared and discussed for each technique. Application benefits and limitations of these techniques (TDR, EOTPR, and combo TDR/TDT) are summarized and compared.
Book Chapter
Optical Testing and Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article is a brief account of various factors pertinent to the characterization of materials and analysis of optical components, namely transmission, haze, yellowness, refractive index, surface irregularity, birefringence, internal contamination, surface gloss, and color...
Abstract
This article is a brief account of various factors pertinent to the characterization of materials and analysis of optical components, namely transmission, haze, yellowness, refractive index, surface irregularity, birefringence, internal contamination, surface gloss, and color. In addition, details on ad hoc tests used for determining the acceptability of a plastic part for its application are provided, along with typical examples.
Book Chapter
Backside Preparation and Optics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... to ceramic cavity devices, injection molded parts, and ball grid arrays. backside preparation ball grid arrays ceramic cavity devices injection molded parts milling optics polishing thinning This tutorial will assist the analyst in making decisions on backside thinning and polishing...
Abstract
The need for precise targeted interactive surgery on boards or modules is the main driver of backside preparation technology. This article assists the analyst in making decisions on backside thinning and polishing requirements. Thinning of the substrates can be accomplished by flat lapping, laser assisted chemical etch, plasma reactive ion etch, and CNC based milling and polishing. The article discusses the general characteristics, key principles, advantages, and disadvantages of these processes. It also contains case studies that illustrate the application of these processes to ceramic cavity devices, injection molded parts, and ball grid arrays.
Image
Time-temperature plots and optical micrographs (magnification, 1000x; shown...
Available to Purchase
in Life Prediction for Boiler Components
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 5.34. Time-temperature plots and optical micrographs (magnification, 1000x; shown here at 50%) illustrating microstructural classification technique for estimating service temperatures ( Ref 62 ; original photos courtesy of R. Coade, State Electricity Commission of Victoria, Australia).
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Image
(a) Optical and (b) scanning electron micrographs of pitting in the unmixed...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2006
Fig. 39 (a) Optical and (b) scanning electron micrographs of pitting in the unmixed zone of Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo stainless steel plates that were gas tungsten arc welded with an overalloyed filler metal. The unmixed zones were preferentially attacked in an oxidizing acid chloride solution at elevated
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Image
in Special Applications of Induction Heating
> Elements of Induction Heating: Design, Control, and Applications
Published: 01 June 1988
Fig. 11.22 Draw tower used in manufacture of optical fibers Source: Astro Industries, Inc.
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Image
Optical micrograph of a cross section of porous chromium plating on a ducti...
Available to Purchase
in Material Modifications (Coatings, Treatments, etc.) for Tribological Applications
> Tribomaterials: Properties and Selection for Friction, Wear, and Erosion Applications
Published: 30 April 2021
Fig. 12.3 Optical micrograph of a cross section of porous chromium plating on a ductile iron substrate. The chromium thickness is approximately 50 μm.
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Image
Typical cast iron microstructures at 100 times optical magnification. (a) F...
Available to Purchase
in Tribological Properties of Cast Irons
> Tribomaterials: Properties and Selection for Friction, Wear, and Erosion Applications
Published: 30 April 2021
Fig. 7.2 Typical cast iron microstructures at 100 times optical magnification. (a) Flake graphite in gray cast iron (GCI), (b) graphite nodules in ductile iron (DI), (c) white iron, no graphite nodules or flakes (60 HRC)
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Image
Typical microstructures of carbon steels at 100× optical magnification. (a)...
Available to Purchase
in Tribological Properties of Steels
> Tribomaterials: Properties and Selection for Friction, Wear, and Erosion Applications
Published: 30 April 2021
Fig. 8.5 Typical microstructures of carbon steels at 100× optical magnification. (a) 1010 low-carbon steel: the white phase is ferrite and the black is pearlite; (b) 1040 steel: there is more pearlite (black) in the ferrite (white); (c) 1080 steel: the microstructure is almost entirely
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Image
Possible microstructures in stainless steel (compared at 200× optical magni...
Available to Purchase
in Tribological Properties of Stainless Steel and Other Corrosion-Resisting Metals
> Tribomaterials: Properties and Selection for Friction, Wear, and Erosion Applications
Published: 30 April 2021
Fig. 9.1 Possible microstructures in stainless steel (compared at 200× optical magnification)
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Image
Optical photograph of the surface of an as-sintered 316L, showing chromium ...
Available to Purchase
in Atlas of Microstructures
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 32 Optical photograph of the surface of an as-sintered 316L, showing chromium nitride precipitates along grain boundaries and within grains. Not etched
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Image
Optical photograph of the surface of an as-sintered 304L showing chromium n...
Available to Purchase
in Atlas of Microstructures
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 33 Optical photograph of the surface of an as-sintered 304L showing chromium nitride precipitates along grain boundaries and within grains. Not etched
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Image
Schematic illustration of lighting methods in metallographic optical micros...
Available to Purchase
in Metallographic Technique: Micrography
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 5.1 Schematic illustration of lighting methods in metallographic optical microscopes: (a) oblique or inclined illumination; (b) normal illumination or illumination parallel to the optical axis—the most common method; (c) dark field illumination.
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Image
Optical analogy useful for the interpretation of an SE image in an SEM. The...
Available to Purchase
in Metallographic Technique—Electron Microscopy and Other Advanced Techniques
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 6.5 Optical analogy useful for the interpretation of an SE image in an SEM. The resulting image is analogous to an optical image that would be obtained if the sample were illuminated with a light source positioned at the SE detector and observed from the top of the microscope column
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Image
in Solidification, Segregation, and Nonmetallic Inclusions
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 8.31 Severe porosity in a steel casting. Optical micrograph. No etching.
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Image
Optical micrographs of surface layers produced on 3% Cr-Mo-V steel by plasm...
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in Control of the Process Gas in Plasma Conditions
> Practical Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 6 Optical micrographs of surface layers produced on 3% Cr-Mo-V steel by plasma nitriding at 540 °C (1000 °F) for (a) 4 h, (b) 25 h, (c) 144 h, (d) 289 h, and (e) 400 h. Bright field, etched with 2% nital
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Image
Optical micrographs showing the effect of tempering temperature 1 hr on the...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1996
Fig. 5-11 (Part 1) Optical micrographs showing the effect of tempering temperature 1 hr on the microstructure and hardness of a 0.4% C steel.
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