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Oil-ash corrosion in low-alloy steel tube: (a) scale formation, (b) wall th...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2018
Book Chapter
Oil-Fired Boilers and Furnaces
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... Abstract Fireside corrosion can be a serious problem in oil-fired boilers and in refinery furnaces fired with low-grade fuels. This chapter provides an overview of fireside or oil-ash corrosion and the problems it can cause in utility power boilers and petrochemical refinery furnaces...
Abstract
Fireside corrosion can be a serious problem in oil-fired boilers and in refinery furnaces fired with low-grade fuels. This chapter provides an overview of fireside or oil-ash corrosion and the problems it can cause in utility power boilers and petrochemical refinery furnaces. It explains how oil-ash corrosion affects waterwalls, superheaters, and reheaters as well as metal tube supports and hangers.
Book Chapter
Fire-Side Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430290
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... corrosion in boiler tubes are: (i) waterwall corrosion, (ii) fuel ash corrosion such as corrosion due to coal ash and oil ash, (iii) hot corrosion, (iv) acid dew point corrosion, (v) stress corrosion cracking, and (vi) polythionic acid corrosion ( Ref 6.1 , 6.28 ). Waterwall Corrosion or Reduced...
Abstract
Fossil fuels produce many byproducts that, if not fully combusted, put boiler tubes at risk. Fuel ash, chemical residues, and process heat pose the greatest threat and are the primary contributors to fireside corrosion. This chapter covers various types of fireside corrosion such as waterwall, fuel ash, and hot corrosion, acid dew-point or cold-end corrosion, and polythionic acid corrosion. It also addresses stress corrosion cracking and includes relevant case studies.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Damage Mechanisms with Case Studies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
...) Chelate corrosion Fire-side corrosion: Waterwall corrosion or reduced atmosphere corrosion Fuel ash corrosion Coal-ash corrosion Oil-ash corrosion Hot corrosion Acid dew point corrosion or cold-end corrosion SCC Polythionic acid stress-corrosion cracking (PASCC) Fire...
Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the failure modes and mechanisms associated with most boiler tube failures in coal-fired power plants. Primary categories include stress rupture failures, water-side corrosion, fire-side corrosion, fire-side erosion, fatigue, operation failures, and insufficient quality control.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.9781627083041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
Book Chapter
Sulfidation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
.... This accelerated sulfidation attack due to salt deposits is frequently referred to as “hot corrosion” in gas turbines ( Chapter 9 ), “coal ash corrosion” in coal-fired boilers ( Chapter 10 ), and “oil ash corrosion” in oil-fired boilers ( Chapter 11 ). They are discussed in these chapters. Oxidizing...
Abstract
Sulfur is one of the most common corrosive contaminants in high-temperature industrial environments and its presence can cause a number of problems, including sulfidation. This chapter describes the sulfidation behavior of a wide range of alloys as observed in three types of industrial environments. One environment consists of sulfur vapor, hydrocarbon streams, H2S, and H2-H2S gas; sulfides are the only corrosion products that form under these conditions. Another environment consists of H2, CO, CO2, H2S, and other gases, causing the formation of oxides as well as sulfides in most alloys. The third environment, for which less data exists, contains either SO2 or O2-SO2 mixtures.
Book Chapter
Coal-Fired Boilers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... on the fouled tube surfaces, while waterlances or water cannons using thermal shock by water may be needed to clean the slagged tube surfaces. Material behavior under the influence of ash deposits is discussed in later sections. 10.5 Fireside Corrosion and Other Materials Problems in Boilers This section...
Abstract
This chapter discusses material-related problems associated with coal-fired burners. It explains how high temperatures affect heat-absorbing surfaces in furnace combustion areas and in the convection pass of superheaters and reheaters. It describes how low-NOx combustion technology, intended to reduce NOx emissions, accelerates tube wall wastage. It also covers circumferential cracking in furnace waterwalls, thermal fatigue cracking induced by waterlances and water cannons, superheater-reheater corrosion, and erosion in fluidized-bed boilers.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Boiler Technology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... of ash, sulfur, and nitrogen can also be used. Natural gas or fuel oil is used primarily as a start-up fuel to preheat the fluidized bed. Higher combustion efficiency Lower combustion temperature because of a high coefficient of heat transfer due to rapid mixing in the fluidized bed leads to lower...
Abstract
Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.
Book Chapter
Tribology of Lubricants
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... liquid when cold Ash Residue left after combusting oil Acid number The acidity of an oil Base number The alkalinity of an oil Gravity A viscosity component related to solvency Color Clear to dark Volatility Ease of evaporation Water content Mostly in used oil Corrosivity...
Abstract
This chapter covers the tribological properties of different types of oil, greases, solid lubricants, and metalworking and traction fluids. It explains how lubricants are made, how they work, and how they are applied and tested. It also discusses the fundamentals of lubrication and friction control, the relationship between viscosity and breakaway friction, and the factors that affect load-carrying capacity and service life.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... and SCC resistance over that of 300-series austenitic stainless steels was needed, and with a cost-savings over conventionally used nickel alloys. For nonaqueous conditions involving exposure to high-temperature sulfidic or naphthenic crude oil environments, resistance to corrosion has been mainly...
Abstract
This chapter presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. In addition, specific information on mechanical properties, corrosion, sulfide stress cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen embrittlement cracking, stress-corrosion cracking, velocity-accelerated corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion control is provided.
Book Chapter
Life Prediction for Boiler Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... ash Oil ash Erosion Fly ash Falling slag Sootblower Coal particle Fatigue Vibration Thermal Corrosion Lack of quality control Maintenance cleaning damage Chemical excursion damage Material defects Welding defects Stress-Rupture Failures...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms associated with boiler components and the tools and techniques used to assess damages and predict remaining component life. It begins with a review of the design and operation of a utility boiler and the materials used in construction. It then describes the various causes of failure in boiler tubes, headers, and steam pipes, explaining how and why they occur, how they are diagnosed, and how to mitigate their effects. The final and by far largest section in the chapter is a tutorial on damage and life assessment techniques for boiler components and assemblies. It demonstrates the use of various methods, including analytical techniques that estimate life expenditure based on operating history, component geometry, and material properties; predictive methods based on the extrapolation of failure statistics; methods that predict life based on dimensional measurements; methods based on metallographic studies; methods based on temperature estimates; and a method for estimating remaining life under creep conditions based on stress-rupture testing of service-exposed material samples. The chapter also discusses the use of fracture mechanics and presents a number of cases in which life assessments are made based on the integration of several methods.
Book Chapter
Failure Analysis and After
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
..., 1986, without warning, causing fatal injuries and damage to environment and property. The failure was due to a defect in the ERW seam weld and corrosion. On Dec. 24, 1988, in Missouri, a pipeline carrying oil burst without warning and 800,000 gallons of crude oil spilled into the Missouri River...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the ways that the lessons learned from failures have benefitted society, leading to improved product designs, better materials, safer industrial processes, and more robust codes and standards. It also provides several examples of how the technology and procedures associated with aviation security have been upgraded in the wake of air disasters.
Book Chapter
Mold Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... references describing the need for corrosion-resistant mold steels were introduced earlier in this chapter ( Ref 2 - 4 ). Hardenability and performance of the corrosion-resistant mold steels are a function of carbon and chromium content. The steel with 13Cr and 0.12C is an oil-hardening grade of medium...
Abstract
Mold steels are used for plastic molding and certain die-casting applications and are designated as group P steels in the AISI classification system. The fabrication and performance requirements that differentiate them from other types of tool steels are described in this chapter. It provides information on hubbing and machined cavity grades of mold steels and describes the performance of the corrosion-resistant mold steels. The chapter discusses the processes involved in forging, annealing, stress relieving, carburizing, hardening, and tempering of mold steels. It presents the selection criteria and applications of mold steels.
Book Chapter
Designing to Minimize Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... reprocessing reactors 750–800 1380–1470 Oxidation (steam), fluorination (HF) Oil-fired boiler superheaters 850–900 1560–1650 Fuel ash corrosion Gas turbine blades corrosion to 950 to 1740 Sulfates, chlorides, oxidation, ash Waste incinerators—superheaters 480 895 Chlorination, sulfidation...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on various factors to be considered at design stage to minimize corrosion. It begins by providing information on design considerations and general corrosion awareness. This is followed by a description of several factors influencing materials-component failure. Details on design and materials selection, which assist in controlling corrosion, are then provided. The chapter ends with a discussion on the design factors that influence corrosion.
Book Chapter
Types of Wear and Erosion and Their Mechanisms
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
..., fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology. abrasive wear adhesive wear erosion fretting corrosion fretting wear impact wear rolling wear tribocorrosion 4.1 The Difference Between Wear and Erosion There may be no mechanism...
Abstract
This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling, fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology.
Book Chapter
Tribological Properties of Cast Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... applications, oil-impregnated machine ways from cast iron resist atmosphere corrosion (because of the oil) for decades. 7.6 Important Grades for Tribological Applications Gray Irons The ferritic gray irons (class 20) ( Fig. 7.3 ) are not generally used for tribological applications, other than...
Abstract
This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of cast irons. It describes the microstructure and metallurgy of gray, white, malleable, and ductile cast irons, their respective tensile properties, and their suitability for applications involving friction, various types of erosion, and adhesive and abrasive wear.
Book Chapter
Metalworking Lubricants
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
.... Almost all lubricants require further additives to impart other characteristics of a nontribological nature such as oxidation resistance, corrosion protection, and detergency. Thus, most metalworking lubricants are compounded with one or more additives, and the industrial oil chemist has the task...
Abstract
This chapter describes the properties and attributes of various classes of metalworking lubricants, including mineral oils; natural oils, fats, derivatives, and soaps; synthetic fluids (olefins, esters, polyglycols, ionic liquids); compounded lubricants (oils, greases, fats); aqueous lubricants (emulsions, synthetics, solutions); and a wide range of coatings and carriers. It also discusses solid-film lubricants (oxide films, polymer films, layer-lattice compounds) and environmental and safety concerns.
Book Chapter
Waste-to-Energy Boilers and Waste Incinerators
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... that of coal or oil because the solid waste is a heterogeneous fuel. In addition, the fuel contains numerous impurities that include chlorine, sulfur, sodium, potassium, cadmium, zinc, lead, and other heavy metals. Because of these impurities, combustion of this fuel generates a very corrosive environment...
Abstract
Managing corrosion continues to be a challenge for operators of modern boilers worldwide. This chapter addresses the corrosion-related problems that can occur in boilers burning municipal solid waste (MSW). It describes corrosion mechanisms associated with different environments and alloys. It also discusses corrosion protection methods for furnace waterwalls and superheater tubes in waste-to-energy boilers.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.9781627083409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
Book Chapter
Role of Water Chemistry in Boiler Tube Failure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... Abstract Water chemistry is a factor in nearly all boiler tube failures. It contributes to the formation of scale, biofilms, and sludge, determines deposition rates, and drives the corrosion process. This chapter explains how water chemistry is managed in boilers and describes the effect...
Abstract
Water chemistry is a factor in nearly all boiler tube failures. It contributes to the formation of scale, biofilms, and sludge, determines deposition rates, and drives the corrosion process. This chapter explains how water chemistry is managed in boilers and describes the effect of impurities and feedwater parameters on high-pressure boiler components. It discusses deposition and scaling, types of corrosion, and carryover, a condition that occurs when steam becomes contaminated with droplets of boiler water. The chapter also covers water treatment procedures, including filtration, chlorination, ion exchange, demineralization, reverse osmosis, caustic and chelant treatment, oxygen scavenging, and colloidal, carbonate, phosphate, and sodium aluminate conditioning.
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