Search Results for oil wells

This chapter provides a detailed account of corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas production. It begins by discussing some of the demands of competitive industry on inhibitor formulations. It then describes the varying characteristics of oil wells, gas wells, water injection systems, and pipelines. The following sections provide information on the factors influencing corrosivity of produced fluids and the methods of inhibitor application. The chapter discusses the primary causes of corrosion problems and inhibition in waterfloods and provides an overview of bacteria-induced corrosion. Various laboratory testing methods of corrosion inhibitors and the methods used to monitor corrosion rates and inhibitor effectiveness are also presented. The chapter ends by providing information on quality control of inhibitors and computerization of inhibitor treating programs.

This chapter discusses the particular corrosion problems encountered and the methods of control used in petroleum production and the storage and transportation of oil and gas up to the refinery. It begins by describing those aspects of corrosion that tend to be unique to corrosion as encountered in applications involving oil and gas exploration and production. This is followed by a section reviewing the methods of corrosion control, namely the proper selection of materials, protective coatings, cathodic protection systems, use of inhibitors, use of nonmetallic materials, and control of the environment. The chapter ends with a discussion on the problems encountered and protective measures that are based on the state-of-the-art as practiced daily by corrosion and petroleum engineers and production personnel.

This chapter provides an introduction to powder processing of binders and polymers. It sets the context for the remainder of the book by providing an overview of the topics discussed in the subsequent chapters and by providing introduction to powder-binder fabrication and customization of feedstock and describing the challenges in component production. The chapter also summarizes alphabetically a few key concepts in powder-binder processing.

This chapter covers the tribological properties of different types of oil, greases, solid lubricants, and metalworking and traction fluids. It explains how lubricants are made, how they work, and how they are applied and tested. It also discusses the fundamentals of lubrication and friction control, the relationship between viscosity and breakaway friction, and the factors that affect load-carrying capacity and service life.

This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling, fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology.

This chapter discusses various factors pertinent to the prevention of corrosion in alloys for petroleum applications and reviews the selection of stainless steels for petroleum applications, including oil country tubular goods, line pipe, offshore platforms, liquefied natural gas vessels, and refinery equipment.

The oil-hardening cold-work tool steels, designated as group O steels in the AISI classification system, derive their high hardness and wear resistance from high carbon and modest alloy contents. This chapter describes the microstructures and hardenability of oil-hardening tool steels and discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of tool steels. It also covers the selection criteria and applications of oil-hardening cold-work tool steels.

This chapter provides an overview of environmental factors when studying a gear failure. Environmental factors discussed are lubrication, temperature, and mechanical stability.

This chapter provides a brief review of the history of metal working processes, the use of lubricants, and the study of friction and wear. It also explains how the book is organized and describes the method of treatment used by the authors.

A product pedigree describes its design and how it was built and shows that it was built in accordance with the drawings and other documentation defining the product configuration. Evaluating the pedigree of a failed product can help to rule in or rule out hypothesized failure causes. This chapter describes various areas that can be examined by the failure analysis team to assess the pedigree of the failed system. If the failure analysis team suspects product pedigree anomalies it should confirm conformance through independent means.

This chapter examines methods of internal corrosion prediction for multiphase pipelines and details methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for natural gas pipelines. Further, real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical locations are discussed.

Martensitic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium-carbon alloys that possess a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (martensitic) in the hardened condition. Martensitic stainless steels are similar to plain carbon or low-alloy steels that are austenitized, hardened by quenching, and then tempered for increased ductility and toughness. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, corrosion resistance, and general welding considerations of martensitic stainless steels. It also discusses the causes for hydrogen-induced cracking in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments.

Fireside corrosion can be a serious problem in oil-fired boilers and in refinery furnaces fired with low-grade fuels. This chapter provides an overview of fireside or oil-ash corrosion and the problems it can cause in utility power boilers and petrochemical refinery furnaces. It explains how oil-ash corrosion affects waterwalls, superheaters, and reheaters as well as metal tube supports and hangers.

Gearbox vibrations are classified as synchronous or nonsynchronous depending on whether or not they are related to the rotational speed of an internal or connected component. This chapter presents a turbogenerator case study that demonstrates the source of nonsynchronous vibration. It then provides a detailed discussion on spiking vibrations and presents design improvement and reduction of spiking vibrations.