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oil country tubular goods
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 14 Corrosion rates for stainless oil country tubular goods (OCTG) alloys under severe operating conditions
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Abstract This chapter discusses various factors pertinent to the prevention of corrosion in alloys for petroleum applications and reviews the selection of stainless steels for petroleum applications, including oil country tubular goods, line pipe, offshore platforms, liquefied natural gas...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various factors pertinent to the prevention of corrosion in alloys for petroleum applications and reviews the selection of stainless steels for petroleum applications, including oil country tubular goods, line pipe, offshore platforms, liquefied natural gas vessels, and refinery equipment.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Influence of copper and nickel on the corrosion rate of martensitic stainless alloys used for oil country tubular goods. Source: Ref 2
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 1 Influence of chromium on the corrosion rate of steel in environments experienced by oil country tubular goods. Test conditions: synthetic sea water; CO 2 partial pressure, 0.1 MPa; test temperature, 60 (C °140 °F); test duration, 150 h; flow velocity, 2.5 m/s; specific volume, 800 mL
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... S45000) ( Ref 8 ). Like other precipitation-hardenable steels, it shows excellent resistance to SCC at high strength levels. Figures 13 and 14 show the improvements in corrosion resistance over carbon steel L80 oil country tubular goods (OCTG) under test conditions representative of difficult real...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... Structural tubing Line pipe Oil country tubular goods Steel specialty tubular products Pressure tubing Mechanical tubing Aircraft tubing Hot-rolled wire rods Industrial quality Rods for electric welded chain Rods for heading, forging, and roll-threading wire Rods for lock washer wire...
Abstract
This chapter describes the classification of steels and the various compositional categories of commercial steel products. It explains how different alloying elements affect the properties of carbon and low-alloys steels and discusses strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance and how to improve them.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... in environments that contain hydrogen sulfide is encountered most commonly in the production, transmission, and refining of oil and gas. Failures have been reported in gas/oil well tubulars, wellhead equipment, pipelines, process piping, and pressure vessels. Stress-corrosion cracking problems in hydrogen...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in carbon and low-alloy steels. It discusses crack initiation, propagation, and fracture in aqueous chloride, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, hydroxide, ammonia, nitrate, ethanol, methanol, and hydrogen gas environments. It explains how composition and microstructure influence SCC, as do mechanical properties such as strength and fracture toughness and processes such as welding and cold work. It also discusses the role of materials selection and best practices for welding.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... and SCC resistance over that of 300-series austenitic stainless steels was needed, and with a cost-savings over conventionally used nickel alloys. For nonaqueous conditions involving exposure to high-temperature sulfidic or naphthenic crude oil environments, resistance to corrosion has been mainly...
Abstract
This chapter presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. In addition, specific information on mechanical properties, corrosion, sulfide stress cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen embrittlement cracking, stress-corrosion cracking, velocity-accelerated corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion control is provided.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.9781627082860
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... equipment, sporting goods, oil and gas production, and marine vessels. aerospace applications medical applications power utility applications titanium THE BIRTH of the commercial titanium industry occurred when U.S. companies TIMET and Rem-Cru Titanium were established in 1950...
Abstract
This chapter describes the applications with the greatest impact on titanium consumption and global market trends. It explains where, how, and why titanium alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, chemical processing, medical, and military applications as well as power generating equipment, sporting goods, oil and gas production, and marine vessels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... combinations important for the use of aluminum in various application areas Table 2 Property combinations important for the use of aluminum in various application areas Characteristics Type of semifabricated products Foil Field of use Lightness Good heat and electrical conductivity Resistance...
Abstract
Aluminum is the second most widely used metal in the world. It is readily available, offers a wide range of properties, and can be shaped, coated, and joined using a variety of methods. This chapter discusses some of the key attributes of wrought and cast aluminum alloys and the classifications, designations, and grades of available product forms. It also explains how aluminum alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, rail, and marine applications as well as in building and construction, electrical products, manufacturing equipment, packaging, and consumer durables such as appliances and furniture.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
...: Oil-country tubular products Structural members Spring steel Chain links This chapter discusses applications and advantages of induction methods of heat treatment for some of the parts listed above. Surface-Hardening Applications Crankshafts Crankshafts for internal-combustion...
Abstract
Induction heat treating is used in a wide range of applications. Typical uses, as described in this chapter, include the surface hardening of many types of shafts as well as gears and sprockets and the through-hardening of gripping teeth, cutting edges, and impact zones incorporated into various types of tools and track pins manufactured for off-highway equipment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... demand for stainless steel trains, a business that had hardly gotten off to a good start before the war. Budd had sold just 600 railcars since they entered that business in 1934. The Red Lion Plant was bought from the government right after the war. It had been built by the government for Budd’s...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the work of a famous stainless steel pioneer, Edward G. Budd. The discussion covers his early years, his automobile body business, the arrival of novel kind of stainless steel in America, Earl Ragsdale's shot weld patent, the world's first stainless steel airplane, the world's first stainless steel rubber-tired train, the Flying Yankee, the Mark Twain Zephyr, the development of the Budd Company in the war years and postwar years, and a review of the Budd Era.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... caps, and Christmas ornaments (tinsel). In general, tin-base materials have good bearing properties and are consequently used as the base material for bearing metals. Very little friction occurs in direct extrusion between the billet surface and the container inner wall because of these good...
Abstract
Compared with other deformation processes used to produce semifinished products, the hot-working extrusion process has the advantage of applying pure compressive forces in all three force directions, enhancing workability. The available variations in the extrusion process enable a wide spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel, and powder metals. It discusses their properties and applications as well as suitable equipment for extrusion. It further discusses the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in exotic alloys and extrusion of semifinished products from metallic composite materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.sch6.9781627083546
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910331
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... assemblies. Take, for example, the introduction of nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys for tubing in oil and gas wells. Examples include Alloy C-276 (UNS N10276) and Alloy 825 (UNS N08025). In order to meet the strength requirements of downhole tubulars, these corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) had to be cold...
Abstract
The challenge of materials selection is to achieve adequate performance at the lowest possible cost. Corrosion resistance is not the only property to be considered in making materials selections. Typical requirements and some of the procedures involved in making a selection and some of the factors that must be considered when determining the corrosion performance of a given material are listed in this chapter. The various steps that might be included in a materials selection process are then examined. These include a review of operating conditions and design, the selection of candidate materials, the in-depth evaluation of each candidate material, fabrication requirements, follow-up monitoring, and final materials selection. Material considerations such as cost, materials properties, and processing and fabrication requirements are subsequently covered. Finally, the chapter provides information on materials selection under general corrosion conditions and under conditions of localized corrosion forms such as pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...; special volumes apply to the chemical-process industry ( Ref 16 ) and to corrosion testing ( Ref 17 ). Similar standards in countries other than the United States include DIN (Germany), BS (Great Britain), AFNOR (France), UNI (Italy), NBN (Belgium), and JIS (Japan). Other materials specifications...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the step-by-step processes by which materials are selected in order to prevent or control corrosion and includes information on materials that are resistant to the various forms of corrosion. The various forms of corrosion covered are general (uniform) corrosion, localized corrosion, galvanic corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the economic importance of cost-effective materials selection is also considered.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.9781627083041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130503
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
.... However, in this case, the porous mill scale was so thick that it acted as a sink for moisture, oil, and other volatile contaminants. Excessive porosity was caused by welding on heavily rusted steel. Simply rough grinding the faying surfaces to bare metal prior to welding completely eliminated...
Abstract
Failure analysis of steel welds may be divided into three categories. They include failures due to design deficiencies, weld-related defects usually found during inspection, and failures in field service. This chapter emphasizes the failures due to various discontinuities in the steel weldment. These include poor workmanship, a variety of hydrogen-assisted cracking failures, stress-corrosion cracking, fatigue, and solidification cracking in steel welds. Hydrogen-assisted cracking can appear in four common forms, namely underbead or delayed cracking, weld metal fisheyes, ferrite vein cracking, and hydrogen-assisted reduced ductility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410439
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... of CVN-tested 4340 steel oil quenched and tempered at 350 °C (660 °F). SEM micrograph. Courtesy of J. Materkowski. Source: Ref 19.41 As noted, the intergranular fracture surfaces of quench-embrittled specimens are quite smooth, only occasionally showing acicular-shaped carbide particles. Further...
Abstract
This chapter describes the causes of cracking, embrittlement, and low toughness in carbon and low-alloy steels and their differentiating fracture surface characteristics. It discusses the interrelated effects of composition, processing, and microstructure and contributing factors such as hot shortness associated with copper and overheating and burning as occur during forging. It addresses various types of embrittlement, including quench embrittlement, tempered-martensite embrittlement, liquid-metal-induced embrittlement, and hydrogen embrittlement, and concludes with a discussion on high-temperature hydrogen attack and its effect on strength and ductility.