Fig. 8.5 The lens model for interface nucleation (heterogeneous nucleation). (a) Critical nucleus of interface nucleation. (b) Energy of critical nucleus. (c) Change in free energy according to nucleation. More

Fig. 8.6 The disk model for interface nucleation (heterogeneous nucleation) More

Fig. 2.3 Solidification of ingots and large castings involves nucleation, growth of small surface grains, preferred growth of columnar grains, and finally, growth of smaller equiaxed grains. Reprinted with permission from Ref 2.5 More

Fig. 2.4 Freezing of a uniformly cooled alloy liquid involves nucleation, grain growth, and variable composition within each grain. Each dendrite develops branches along three sets of axes, each at 90° to the other. Only two sets of axes are shown here; the third set is at right angles More

Fig. 3.26 Nucleation and growth of spherulites in PEEK More

Fig. 11.15 (Part 4) (h) Nucleation and growth of grains of austenite from grains of δ ferrite that were formed during solidification of a weld. The dotted regions represent grains of austenite in the parent metal, and the solid lines indicate the grain boundaries of the ferrite formed during More

Fig. 9.78 Nucleation of a grain of idiomorphic ferrite (IGF) in a nonmetallic inclusion during isothermal transformation at 600 °C (1110 °F). The sample was heated at 1,400 °C (2550 °F) and then held at 1100 °C (2010 °F) to precipitate and grow MnS inclusions. To avoid the effects of fast More

Fig. 16.23 The effect of the presence of TiN on ferrite nucleation in austenitic stainless steel. (a) No TiN addition, typical vermicular structure of ferrite (the micrograph is taken in a plane parallel to the primary axis of the dendrites). (b) Ti and N addition. Equiaxed grains of ferrite More

Fig. 12 Probable subsurface crack nucleation site in a surface-rolled ductile cast iron testpiece tested under bending-rotating conditions More

Fig. 27 (a) General view of the probable initial region of crack nucleation by fatigue crack. (b) Magnification of the region in the box at the left in (a). (c) Magnification of the region in the box at the right in (a) More

Fig. 1.12 Conditions for equiaxed grain nucleation ahead of solidification front. Source: Ref 27 More

Fig. 1.34 The (αAl + Si) eutectic nucleation and growth in AlSi alloys. (a) Unmodified alloy. Eutectic grain nucleates at the αAl solid solution dendrite tip; local heat flow is consistent with the growth direction. (b) Alloy modified with strontium. Eutectic nucleates individually More

Fig. 1.35 Effect of modifiers on αAl and silicon nucleation in aluminum-silicon alloy. 1, Aluminum nucleation in the presence of unidentified additions; 2, Silicon nucleation in the presence of AlP; 3, Silicon nucleation in the presence of AlNaSi; 4, Silicon nucleation in the presence More

Fig. 2.13 Nucleation and growth during solidification. Source: Ref 2.2 More

Fig. 2.14 Free-energy curves for homogeneous nucleation. Source: Ref 2.2 More

Fig. 8.11 (a) Pearlite nucleation. (b) Colony growth. (c) Deep-etched steel sample showing pearlite colony growth from a proeutectoid cementite plate. Source: Ref 8.8 as published in Ref 8.1 More

Fig. 9.16 Regions of spinodal decomposition and classical nucleation and growth of precipitates. (a) Phase diagram with a miscibility gap. (b) Variation in free energy with composition for the system shown in (a) at temperature T ′. Source: Ref 9.9 as published in Ref 9.10 More

Fig. 4.8 Variation of nucleation and growth rates for pearlite formation as a function of temperature in a eutectoid steel. Source: Ref 4.12 More

Fig. 8.5 Nucleation sites for austenite formation in microstructures of (a) ferrite, (b) spheroidite, and (c) pearlite. Source: Ref 8.10 More