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notch toughness
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... and tempered medium-carbon steels containing varying amounts of aluminum Fig. 14 Effect of boron content on notch toughness. Room-temperature Charpy V-notch impact energy varies with tensile strength for 10B21 and 1038 steels having tempered martensile structures. Fig. 15 Variation...
Abstract
This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of carbon and low-alloy steels. It explains how steels are defined and selected based on alloy content and provides composition and property data for a wide range of designations and grades. It describes the effect of alloying on structure and composition and explains how alloy content can be controlled to optimize properties and behaviors such as ductility, strength, toughness, fatigue and fracture resistance, and resistance to corrosion, wear, and high-temperature creep. It also examines the effect of alloying on processing characteristics such as hardenability, formability, weldability, machinability, and temper embrittlement. In addition, the article provides an extensive amount of engineering data with relevance in materials selection.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140301
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... Reduced smooth rotating beam fatigue specimen, same as used by U.S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station Fig. A3.4 Enlarged smooth rotating beam fatigue specimen The sharply notched tensile specimens ( Fig. A3.5 ) utilized in producing the notch toughness data ( Chapter 8, section 8.5.1...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... composites. aluminum casting alloys aluminum castings cast aluminum matrix composites corrosion resistance fatigue strength mechanical properties notch toughness physical properties plane-strain fracture toughness subcritical crack growth tear resistance This chapter takes a detailed...
Abstract
This chapter reviews and provides data tables for the wide range of properties and performance characteristics that are possible with specific aluminum casting alloys and tempers. Properties and performance attributes addressed include casting and finishing characteristics; typical physical properties; typical and minimum (design) mechanical properties; fatigue strength; fracture resistance, including subcritical crack growth; and resistance to general corrosion and to stress-corrosion cracking. The chapter concludes with information on the properties of cast aluminum matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... of microstructural variables on fracture toughness of steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys. fracture ductile fracture brittle fracture Griffith theory plane-strain fracture toughness temperature steels aluminum alloys titanium alloys notched bar impact testing microstructure FRACTURE...
Abstract
Fracture is the separation of a solid body into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Fracture can be classified into two broad categories: ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Beginning with a comparison of these two categories, this chapter discusses the nature and causes of these failure modes. Some body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed metals, and steels in particular, exhibit a ductile-to-brittle transition when loaded under impact and the chapter describes the use of notched bar impact testing to determine the temperature at which a normally ductile failure transitions to a brittle failure. The discussion then covers the Griffith theory of brittle fracture and the formulation of fracture mechanics. Procedures for determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness are subsequently covered. Finally, the chapter describes the effects of microstructural variables on fracture toughness of steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... propagation becomes rapid), drops to the critical plane-strain stress-intensity factor. Fig. 2 Typical Charpy testing machine and Charpy V-notch specimen used to determine notch toughness in accordance with ASTM E 23 (dimensions in millimeters). The test coupon is chilled to the desired temperature...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is a well-developed quantitative approach to the study of failures. This chapter discusses fracture toughness and fracture mechanics, linear-elastic fracture mechanics, and modes of loading. The discussion also covers plane strain and stress and crack growth kinetics. The chapter presents a case history that illustrates the use of fracture mechanics in failure analysis. An appendix provides a more detailed discussion of fracture mechanics concepts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... toughness behavior with respect to Charpy V-notch performance curve ( 1 ) Figures 23-2a through 23-2c illustrate the types of information available from fracture toughness determinations. Fig. 23-2 (a) Flaw shape parameter curves for surface and internal cracks. (b) Graphical solutions...
Abstract
This chapter defines low-temperature and cryogenic steels and describes their alloy classifications and their ambient and low-temperature properties. These steels include ferritic carbon and low alloy steels, martensitic low alloy steels, martensitic high alloy steels, and austenitic high alloy steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
..., bolted, or riveted bridges and buildings A 633 Normalized high-strength low-alloy structural steel Nb, V, Cr, Ni, Mo, Cu, N, Si Plate, bar, and shapes <150 mm (6 in.) in thickness Enhanced notch toughness; yield strengths of 290 to 415 MPa (42 to 60 ksi) in five grades Welded, bolted...
Abstract
This article discusses the effect of alloying on high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels. It explains where HSLA steels fit in the continuum of commercial steels and describes the six general categories into which they are divided. It provides composition data for standard types or grades of HSLA steel along with information on available mill forms, key characteristics, and intended uses. The article explains how small amounts of alloying elements, particularly vanadium, niobium, and titanium, control not only the properties of HSLA steels, but also their manufacturability.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Correlation of plane-strain impact fracture toughness and impact Charpy V-notch energy absorption for various grades of steel. Source: Ref 3 Fig. 31 Correlation of plane-strain impact fracture toughness and impact Charpy V-notch energy absorption for SA 533B, class 1, steel. NDT, nil-ductility...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is the science of predicting the load-carrying capabilities of cracked structures based on a mathematical description of the stress field surrounding the crack. The fundamental ideas stem from the work of Griffith, who demonstrated that the strain energy released upon crack extension is the driving force for fracture in a cracked material under load. This chapter provides a summary of Griffith’s work and the subsequent development of linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. It includes detailed illustrations and examples, familiarizing readers with the steps involved in determining strain energy release rates, stress intensity factors, J-integrals, R-curves, and crack tip opening displacement parameters. It also covers fracture toughness testing methods and the effect of measurement variables.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... of titanium Fig. 12.2 Effects of interstitial elements carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen on Ti-3V-3Al alloy weld-metal notch toughness Hydrogen has different effects on welded joints, including low ductility, low toughness, and delayed weld cracking. Loss of ductility and toughness is attributed...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the various methods used to join titanium alloy assemblies, focusing on welding processes and procedures. It explains how welding alters the structure and properties of titanium and how it is influenced by composition, surface qualities, and other factors. It describes several welding processes, including arc welding, resistance welding, and friction stir welding, and addresses related issues such as welding defects, quality control, and stress relieving. The chapter also covers mechanical fastening techniques along with adhesive bonding and brazing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... effectiveness in 3 to 6 months; those that shed water completely may be used significantly longer. Tempering Because tempering a carbonitrided case at 425 °C (795 °F) and above results in a marked increase in notch toughness (see Table 1 ), parts that are to be subjected to repeated shock loading...
Abstract
Carbonitriding is a modified form of gas carburizing. It is performed in a closed furnace chamber with an atmosphere enriched with a gaseous compound of carbon and nitrogen. This chapter provides information on the carbonitriding of steels, the applications of carbonitriding, the typical case depths, and the hardenability of carbonitrided parts. In addition, the chapter also discusses the processes involved in quenching, tempering, and distortion of carbonitrided steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
.... and Harris W.J. Jr. , Effect of Alloying Elements on Notch Toughness of Pearlitic Steels , Trans. Am. Soc. Met. , Vol 43 , 1951 , p 1197 5.4. Bramfitt B.L. , Lawrence S.J. , and Leighly H.P. Jr. , A Perspective on the Quality of Steel Plate from the RMS Titanic, Iron...
Abstract
Metals are used in many engineering applications because of their mechanical properties, particularly strength and ductility. This chapter explains how mechanical properties are measured and how to interpret the results. It describes the most widely used tests, including tensile tests; Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop hardness tests; and Charpy V-notch impact tests. The chapter also provides information on loading conditions that can lead to fatigue failure, and in some cases, counteract or prevent it.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... is generally excellent at cryogenic temperatures. Elongation and reduction of area tend to drop with decreasing temperatures, but values generally exceed 30%. Toughness The austenitic stainless steels retain excellent toughness at cryogenic temperatures. The Charpy V-notch impact toughness does decrease...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the structural alloys being used for cryogenic applications in commercially significant quantities. It emphasizes the practical considerations involved in the material selection process and provides the information necessary to make preliminary selections of alloys most suitable for the intended cryogenic application. The chapter provides general information on a class or group of alloys, their representative mechanical and physical properties, and their fabrication characteristics. The materials covered are austenitic stainless steels, nickel steels, aluminum alloys, and other metals and alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... growth fracture toughness Griffith-Irwin theory Introduction A particularly exciting development that has been occurring over the past half century is the constant advancements in the treatment of specimens and structures containing cracks. While the importance of cracks in affecting structural...
Abstract
This chapter provides a quantitative treatment of the cracking mechanisms associated with fatigue, drawing on the principles of fracture mechanics. It explains that although fracture mechanics originated with the aim of understanding sudden and catastrophic crack extension, the main premise of a stress field in the vicinity of the crack also applies to the study of cycle-by-cycle stable crack growth. A detailed review is given of the many developments and discoveries that helped shape the theory and methods collectively defined as crack mechanics, which the authors then employ to analyze the crack growth behavior of various materials, including steels and nonferrous alloys, under constant-amplitude loading. The authors then deal with the effects of complex loading using crack retardation and crack closure models to show how load fluctuations can slow crack growth rates and even cause total crack arrest. They also present the results of a study on crack initiation, propagation, and fracture in circular (rather than rectangular) specimens and a fatigue study on ductile and quasi-brittle materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... of photopedia.com Fig. 8.5 General comparison of Charpy V-notch toughness for a mild-carbon steel (ASTM A 7, now ASTM A 283, grade D), an HSLA steel, and a heat-treated constructional alloy steel Fig. 8.7 Variation in Charpy V-notch impact energy with temperature for normalized plain carbon...
Abstract
This chapter describes the classification of steels and the various compositional categories of commercial steel products. It explains how different alloying elements affect the properties of carbon and low-alloys steels and discusses strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance and how to improve them.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.9781627082563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
...Abstract Abstract This chapter discusses various types of material fracture toughness and the methods by which they are determined. It begins with a review of the basic principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, covering the Griffith-Irwin theory of fracture, the concept of strain energy...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various types of material fracture toughness and the methods by which they are determined. It begins with a review of the basic principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, covering the Griffith-Irwin theory of fracture, the concept of strain energy release rate, the use of fracture indices and failure criteria, and the ramifications of crack-tip plasticity in ductile and brittle fractures. It goes on to describe the different types of plain-strain and plane-stress fracture toughness, explaining how they are measured and how they are influenced by metallurgical and environmental variables and loading conditions. It also examines the crack growth resistance curves of several aluminum alloys and describes the characteristics of fracture when all or some of the applied load is in the plane of the crack.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
...) . Others include the nilductility test (ASTM E208) (Ref 26) and dynamic tear test (ASTM E604) (Ref 27) . The notch toughness of low- and medium-strength steels is highly dependent on temperature. There is a transition from ductile fracture to brittle fracture as the temperature decreases. One...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the possible mechanisms of failure for heat treated steel components and discusses the techniques for examining fractures, ductile and brittle failures, intergranular failure mechanisms, and fatigue. It begins with a description of the general sources of component failure. This is followed by a section on the stages of a failure analysis, which can proceed one after the other or occur at the same time. These stages of analysis are collection of background data, preliminary visual examination, nondestructive testing, selection and preservation of specimens, mechanical testing, macroexamination, microexamination, metallographic examination, determination of the fracture mechanism, chemical analysis, exemplar testing, and analysis and writing the report. The chapter ends with a discussion on various processes involved in the determination of the fracture mechanism.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
...Abstract Abstract This chapter describes the effect of processing variables on the mechanical properties of beryllium, including tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, creep and fatigue strength, ductile-to-brittle transition, and notch sensitivity. It also discusses the effects...
Abstract
This chapter describes the effect of processing variables on the mechanical properties of beryllium, including tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, creep and fatigue strength, ductile-to-brittle transition, and notch sensitivity. It also discusses the effects of chemical composition, impurities, and grain size and the use of hydrostatic testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
...; as-quenched hardness, 601 HB. Source: Ref 1 Fig. 7.2 Hardness and notch toughness of 4140 steel tempered 1 h at various temperatures. Source: Ref 2 Fig. 7.4 Effect of time at four tempering temperatures on room-temperature hardness of quenched 0.82% C steel. Note the nearly straight...
Abstract
Induction hardened steels are often tempered to increase their ductility and relieve quenching stresses. During tempering, martensitic microstructures supersaturated with carbon decompose into a more stable, ductile form. This chapter discusses the transformations associated with the tempering process and their effect on ductility as well as other properties. It describes the structural and compositional changes that occur during the four stages of tempering, the relative influence of time and temperature, and how tempering affects the hardness of various grades of steel. The chapter discusses the practice of both furnace and induction tempering, describing where and how they are used, their tempering characteristics, strengths and limitations, and operating parameters. It also discusses the use of residual heat tempering, a self-tempering process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... 2124 and 7475 are tougher versions of alloys 2024 and 7075. High-purity metal (low iron and silicon) and special processing techniques are needed to optimize toughness in these materials. Source: Ref 13 Fig. 25 Comparison of 2 xxx and 7 xxx commercial aluminum alloys. (a) Notch toughness...
Abstract
This chapter provides information and data on the fatigue and fracture properties of steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It explains how microstructure, grain size, inclusions, and other factors affect the fracture toughness and fatigue life of these materials and the extent to which they can be optimized. It also discusses the effect of metalworking and heat treatment, the influence of loading and operating conditions, and factors such as corrosion damage that can accelerate crack growth rates.