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nominal composition
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240509
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... approaching that of some of the competing aluminum casting alloys. This chapter begins with a general overview of magnesium metallurgy and alloy designations and moves on to discuss in detail the nominal compositions, mechanical properties, heat treatment, fabrication, and corrosion protection of magnesium...
Abstract
Magnesium occupies the highest anodic position on the galvanic series and can be subject to severe corrosion. The corrosion problem is due to the impurity elements iron, nickel, and copper. However, the use of higher-purity magnesium alloys has led to corrosion resistance approaching that of some of the competing aluminum casting alloys. This chapter begins with a general overview of magnesium metallurgy and alloy designations and moves on to discuss in detail the nominal compositions, mechanical properties, heat treatment, fabrication, and corrosion protection of magnesium casting alloys and wrought magnesium alloys. It also discusses the nominal compositions, properties, and applications of commercially pure zinc, zinc casting alloys, and wrought zinc alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170528
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
...Abstract Abstract This article examines the role of alloying in the production and use of lead and tin. It describes the various categories and grades of lead and lead-base alloys along with their nominal compositions and corresponding UNS numbers. It also discusses the composition...
Abstract
This article examines the role of alloying in the production and use of lead and tin. It describes the various categories and grades of lead and lead-base alloys along with their nominal compositions and corresponding UNS numbers. It also discusses the composition and properties of lead used in battery grids, type metals, and bearings. It, likewise, discusses the use of tin in various types of solder and in bearings and provides composition and property data for application-specific designations and grades. The article also discusses the effect of impurities in tin-lead solders and the amounts and combinations in which they are found.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170290
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
..., and the corresponding effect on properties and microstructure. It also covers mechanical alloying and weldability and includes nominal composition data on many wrought and cast superalloys. superalloys mechanical alloying Cast superalloys Composition High-temperature alloys Wrought superalloys...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, structure, and properties of iron-nickel-, nickel-, and cobalt-base superalloys and the effect of major alloying and trace elements. It describes the primary and secondary roles of each alloying element, the amounts typically used, and the corresponding effect on properties and microstructure. It also covers mechanical alloying and weldability and includes nominal composition data on many wrought and cast superalloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... properties compared to plain carbonsteels as a result of alloying additions. This chapter describes the beneficial effects of these alloying elements in steels. It discusses the mechanical properties, nominal compositions, advantages, and engineering applications of various classes of alloy steels...
Abstract
Alloy steels are alloys of iron with the addition of carbon and one or more of the following elements: manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, tungsten, cobalt, copper, vanadium, silicon, aluminum, and boron. Alloy steels exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to plain carbonsteels as a result of alloying additions. This chapter describes the beneficial effects of these alloying elements in steels. It discusses the mechanical properties, nominal compositions, advantages, and engineering applications of various classes of alloy steels. They are low-alloy structural steels, SAE/AISI alloy steels, high-fracture-toughness steels, maraging steels, austenitic manganese steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, dual-phase steels, and transformation-induced plasticity steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240547
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... nickel alloys include electrical-resistance alloys, low-expansion alloys, magnetically soft alloys, and shape memory alloys. This chapter discusses the metallurgy, nominal composition, properties, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these alloys. It also provides information on cobalt wear...
Abstract
Nickel and nickel alloys have an excellent combination of corrosion, oxidation, and heat resistance, combined with good mechanical properties. Nickel alloys can be divided into alloys that combine corrosion and heat resistance, superalloys for high-temperature applications, and special nickel alloys. Corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloys include commercially pure and low-alloy nickels, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-molybdenum and nickel-silicon alloys, nickel-chromium-iron alloys, nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, and nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum-copper alloys. Special nickel alloys include electrical-resistance alloys, low-expansion alloys, magnetically soft alloys, and shape memory alloys. This chapter discusses the metallurgy, nominal composition, properties, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these alloys. It also provides information on cobalt wear-resistant alloys and cobalt corrosion-resistant alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... the nominal composition, designation, and grade of nearly two dozen commercial titanium alloys and the different types of media (including oxidizers, organic compounds, hot salt, and liquid metal) in which SCC has been observed. It discusses the mechanical and metallurgical factors that influence SCC behavior...
Abstract
Titanium alloys are generally resistant to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), but under certain conditions, the potential for problems exists. This chapter identifies the types of service environments where titanium alloys have exhibited signs of SCC. It begins by describing the nominal composition, designation, and grade of nearly two dozen commercial titanium alloys and the different types of media (including oxidizers, organic compounds, hot salt, and liquid metal) in which SCC has been observed. It discusses the mechanical and metallurgical factors that influence SCC behavior and examines the cracking and fracture mechanisms that appear to be involved. The chapter also includes information on SCC test standards and provides detailed guidelines on how to prevent or mitigate the effects of SCC.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... they are processed, and where they are typically used. It also includes nominal composition data for more than 120 superalloys and a concise overview of the major topics in the book. chemical composition superalloys How and When to Use This Chapter Some History What Are Superalloys and What Can You...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to superalloys and their high-temperature capabilities. It explains how and why they were developed and highlights some of their unique properties, behaviors, and characteristics. It discusses their basic metallurgy, how they are processed, and where they are typically used. It also includes nominal composition data for more than 120 superalloys and a concise overview of the major topics in the book.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... related to the coarser cast grain structure. These alloys are also more dimensionally stable and have lower densities than the 4% Al alloys. However, they offer lower ductility than the 4% Al alloys. Table 3 compares the properties of 4% Al and ZA casting alloys. Nominal compositions of 4% Al...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170596
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... of silver. Nominal compositions and properties of the principal silver metals used for electrical contacts are given in Table 1 . Fig. 1 Hardness and electrical resistivity versus alloy content for silver alloy contacts Nominal compositions and properties of silver metals used for electrical...
Abstract
This article explains how alloying elements affect the properties and behaviors of electrical contacts. It describes the composition, strength, hardness, and conductivity of a wide range of contact alloys and composites based on silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium, tungsten, and molybdenum, and related oxides and carbides.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170614
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... lamination strip products Table 3 Typical dc and ac magnetic properties of annealed iron-cobalt alloys in the form of 0.15 to 0.5 mm (0.006 to 0.020 in.) thick lamination strip products Alloy nominal composition Annealing temperature Thickness dc induction in T (kG) at indicated H (a) °C...
Abstract
This article discusses the compositions, structures, and properties of the most common grades of soft magnetic metals and permanent magnet alloys. It explains how alloying additions and impurities affect the magnetic properties of these materials, which include commercially pure and phosphorus irons, low-carbon and silicon steels, ferritic stainless steels, and nickel-iron and iron-cobalt alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Form Composition, % C Mn S Si Cr Mo Ni Other 420 UNS S42000 Wrought 0.15 min 1.00 0.030 1.00 12.0–14.0 … … … 4116 DIN 1.4116, nominal Wrought 0.50 … … … 14.5 0.65 … 0.15 V 440A UNS S44002 Wrought 0.60–0.75 1.00 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 … … 440C...
Abstract
The case for using stainless steel in appliances of all types, whether they are commercial or residential, relates to it being able to provide the best value over the intended service life. This chapter describes some of the qualities in any material considered for food contact, namely chemical neutrality, biological neutrality, and cleanliness. A vast majority of stainless steel applications in commercial and residential equipment are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
..., and for cast components the “.0” should always be utilized. The nominal compositions and composition limits of aluminum alloys in commercial use today are presented in Table 2.1 . Nominal composition and composition limits of aluminum alloy castings Table 2.1 Nominal composition and composition...
Abstract
Aluminum casting alloy compositions parallel those of wrought alloys in many respects. However, because work hardening plays no significant role in the development of casting properties, the use and purposes of some alloying elements differ in casting alloys versus wrought alloys. This chapter provides information on specifications and widely used designation systems and alloy nomenclature for aluminum casting alloys. It describes the composition of seven basic families of aluminum casting alloys: aluminum-copper, aluminum-silicon-copper, aluminum-silicon, aluminum-silicon-magnesium, aluminum-magnesium, aluminum-zinc-magnesium, and aluminum-tin. The chapter discusses the effects of alloying elements on the properties of cast aluminum. It provides information on various alloys that are grouped with respect to their applications or major performance characteristics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170234
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
.... General Characteristics Applications Table 1 lists the chemical compositions of the more common grades of maraging steel. The nomenclature that has become established for these steels is nominal yield strength (ksi units) in parentheses. Thus, for example, 18Ni(200) steel is normally age...
Abstract
This article discusses the effects of alloying on the properties and behaviors of maraging steels. It describes how maraging steels differ from conventional steels in that they are strengthened, not by carbon, but by the precipitation of intermetallic compounds. It explains how maraging steels typically have high levels of nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum with little carbon content and how that affects their dimensional stability, fracture toughness, weldability, and resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170210
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
.... Nominal compositions of P/M high-speed steels Table 3 Nominal compositions of P/M high-speed steels Tradename(s) Designation Composition, wt% W eq Hardness, HRC AISI UNS JIS Werk. No. C W Mo V Co Wear-resistant high-speed steels containing 3 to 4% V ASP23, APM 23, CPM...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of tool steels, discussing their composition, properties, and behaviors. It covers all types and classes of wrought and powder metal tool steels, including high-speed steels, hot and cold-work steels, shock-resisting steels, and mold steels. It explains how the properties of these steels are determined by alloying elements, such as tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, manganese, and chromium, and the presence of alloy carbides. It describes the types of carbides that form and how they contribute to wear resistance, toughness, high-temperature strength, and other properties.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... for resistance to wear. Compositions of various cobalt-base alloys Table 3 Compositions of various cobalt-base alloys Alloy tradename UNS No. Nominal composition, wt% Co Cr W Mo C Fe Ni Si Mn Others Cast, P/M, and weld overlay wear resistant alloys Stellite 1 R30001 bal 30...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties, behaviors, and uses of cobalt and its alloys. It explains how cobalt alloys are categorized and describes the commercial designations and grades that are available. It also provides composition information and explains how alloying elements and carbides affect toughness, hardness, ductility, and strength as well as resistance to heat, corrosion, and wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... (1988) for stainless steels. Ferrite numbers are plotted and A, AF, FA, and F indicate compositions that solidify by austenite, austenite followed by ferrite, ferrite followed by austenite, or ferrite formation, respectively. Source: Ref 23.6 Table 23.1 shows the nominal compositions of AISI...
Abstract
Stainless steels derive their name from their exceptional corrosion resistance, which is attributed to their finely tuned compositions. This chapter discusses the alloying elements used in stainless steels and the some of the processing challenges they present. One of the biggest challenges is that stainless steels cannot be hardened by heat treatment. As a result, they are highly sensitive to processing-induced defects and the formation of detrimental phases. The chapter explains how alloy design, phase equilibria, microstructure, and thermomechanical processing can be concurrently optimized to produce high-quality austenitic, ferritic, and duplex stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
.... 3 shows some typical correlations between treatment method (level of minor elements), initial sulfur level, and graphite shape when producing CG irons. Nominal compositions of typical melt treatment alloys for compacted graphite iron Table 1 Nominal compositions of typical melt treatment...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition and morphology of compacted graphite (CG) iron relative to that of gray and ductile iron. It explains that the graphite in CG iron is intermediate in shape between the spheroidal graphite found in ductile iron and the flake graphite in gray iron, giving it distinct advantages in a number of applications. The article also discusses the role of melt treatment elements and explains how alloying and heat treatment affect tensile strength, hardness, toughness, and ductility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... of mold steels, which includes the P20 and P21 steels with higher carbon contents must have cavities machined and may be carburized to increase surface hardness and wear resistance. Composition limits for low-carbon mold steels and nominal compositions of stainless mold steels Table 15-1...
Abstract
Mold steels are used for plastic molding and certain die-casting applications and are designated as group P steels in the AISI classification system. The fabrication and performance requirements that differentiate them from other types of tool steels are described in this chapter. It provides information on hubbing and machined cavity grades of mold steels and describes the performance of the corrosion-resistant mold steels. The chapter discusses the processes involved in forging, annealing, stress relieving, carburizing, hardening, and tempering of mold steels. It presents the selection criteria and applications of mold steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... the representative properties of several straight WC-Co alloys. Nominal compositions and properties of representative cobalt-bonded cemented carbides Table 1 Nominal compositions and properties of representative cobalt-bonded cemented carbides Nominal composition Grain size Hardness, HRA Density...
Abstract
This article discusses the applications, compositions, and properties of cemented carbides and cermets. It explains how alloying elements, grain size, and binder content influence the properties and behaviors of cemented carbides. It also discusses the properties of steel-bonded carbides, or cermets, the various grades available, and the types of applications for which they are suited.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030062
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., and σ phase is not normally encountered in the processing of commercial ferritic stainless steels. The formation of σ phase in the iron-chromium system has been thoroughly researched, and the literature has been well summarized ( Ref 34 ). The phase has the nominal composition of FeCr, but it can...
Abstract
This chapter is dedicated mostly to the metallurgical effects on the corrosion behavior of corrosion-resistant alloys. It begins with a section describing the importance of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior of nickel alloys. The chapter considers the metallurgical effects of alloy composition for heat-resistant alloys, nickel corrosion-resistant alloys, and nickel-base alloys. This chapter also discusses the corrosion implications of changing the alloy microstructure via solid-state transformation, second-phase precipitation, or cold work. It concludes with a comparison of corrosion behavior between cast and wrought product forms.