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nickel-chromium alloy steels
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... Abstract This chapter discusses the evolution of engineering alloy steels, namely chromium, nickel, and nickel-chromium alloy steels. The discussion includes the automotive demand and development of specifications for the alloy steels. It also covers various research on heat treatment of alloy...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of engineering alloy steels, namely chromium, nickel, and nickel-chromium alloy steels. The discussion includes the automotive demand and development of specifications for the alloy steels. It also covers various research on heat treatment of alloy steels, providing information on hardening, transformation of austenite, hardenability testing, and tempering of as-quenched martensite.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... Morris Johnson ( Fig. 2 ) of the Crucible Steel Company began investigating chromium-nickel-silicon steels, which were later patented under the name Rezistal. U.S. Patents 1,420,707 and 1,420,708 were issued in June 1922. Johnson first described these alloys in a paper at the 1920 Philadelphia convention...
Abstract
This chapter presents the usefulness of martensitic chromium stainless steels discovered in England and America, the usefulness of ferritic chromium stainless steels discovered in America, and the usefulness of chromium-nickel stainless steels discovered in Germany. It also provides a short note on the usefulness of chromium-silicon steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... the austenitic and duplex grades further with chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen, and the ferritic grades with chromium and molybdenum. The beneficial effects of these alloying elements are complex and interactive. Attempts have been made by suppliers of stainless steels and nickel-base alloys to develop...
Abstract
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys are recognized for their resistance to general corrosion and other categories of corrosion. This chapter examines the effects of specific alloying elements, metallurgical structure, and mechanical conditioning on the corrosion resistance of these alloys. Some categories of corrosion covered are pitting, crevice, intergranular, stress-corrosion cracking, general, and high-temperature corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... of stainless steel. This chapter provides information on the papers presented at the 1924 symposium. It also describes the role of ASTM in stainless steel standardization after the 1924 symposium. Continuing Role of ASTM History and Patents An Iron-Chromium-Nickel Alloy Data on Stainless Steels...
Abstract
In 1924, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) organized the symposium "Corrosion and Heat Resisting Alloys, and Electrical Resistance Alloys." It was the beginning of a major role that ASTM played in the history of stainless steel. This chapter provides information on the papers presented at the 1924 symposium. It also describes the role of ASTM in stainless steel standardization after the 1924 symposium.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... experiments and writing papers about alloys of iron and varying amounts of chromium, nickel, and carbon. It was generally noticed that alloys with more chromium were somewhat more resistant to corrosion in many environments than carbon steel, but not a single person had experimented with an alloy having...
Abstract
This chapter presents the history of stainless steel and provides an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book. This book covers a broad spectrum of historical events, many of which have not been touched upon in other works on stainless steel. It includes the discoveries of the various metallic elements that are used in the various alloys of stainless steel and discusses numerous experiments conducted during the 19th century with iron-base alloys containing chromium and carbon.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
...—conventional buggy components—served as wheels. Bracing was hard-drawn steel wire (cold working increases strength); the crankshaft was made of a forged nickel-chromium alloy steel (forging also increases strength); and engine materials included a cast aluminum alloy (to save weight and as an alternative...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the technological milestones of the early 20th century, including the invention of tungsten carbide tool steel, the use of age-hardening aluminum in the Wright Flyer , the development of a new heat treating process for aluminum alloys, and Ford’s pioneering use of weight-saving vanadium alloys in Model T cars. It explains how interest in chromium alloys spread throughout the world, spurring the development of commercial stainless steels. The chapter concludes with a bullet point timeline of early 20th century achievements and a brief assessment of more recent innovations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
.... The key ingredient and alloys covered include iron-chromium alloys, acid- and weather-resistant alloy, ferrochromium, martensitic stainless steel, chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels, and ferritic chromium stainless steel. Information on the early discoverers and pioneers of stainless steel...
Abstract
This chapter briefly describes the early discoveries of the key ingredients of and alloys of stainless steel that occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries and the advancement that happened in the early part of the 20th century. The key ingredient and alloys covered include iron-chromium alloys, acid- and weather-resistant alloy, ferrochromium, martensitic stainless steel, chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels, and ferritic chromium stainless steel. Information on the early discoverers and pioneers of stainless steel is also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
.... The addition of chromium or nickel in regular heat treated alloy steels was done in France during the 1880s and 1890s, and chromium combined with nickel was being produced in Germany in the 1890s. The alloy additions were in the 2 to 5% range, and carbon was needed to heat treat these steels to higher...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of stainless steel. It begins with some information on the discovery of stainless steel. This is followed by a discussion on the most important patents issued for stainless steel. Applications of stainless steel beyond their original use in cutlery and tableware are then presented. Information on the development of alloys for specific applications and on the argon oxygen decarburization process is also provided. The chapter ends with a discussion on the major use for stainless steel after WWII.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
...% Cr are also considered stainless steels. Other alloying elements that are highly essential in specific grades of stainless steel include nickel, molybdenum, silicon, carbon, manganese, sulfur, titanium, and niobium. Fig. 2.1 Corrosion rates of iron-chromium alloys in intermittent water spray...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on the properties and behaviors of stainless steels and stainless steel powders. It begins with a review of alloy designation systems and grades by which stainless steels are defined. It then describes the composition, metallurgy, and engineering characteristics of austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening stainless steel powders and metal injection molding grades.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
...Example of the Plummer classification system for alloys with 16 to 23% chromium, 7 to 11% nickel, and 0.13 to 0.20% carbon Table 3 Example of the Plummer classification system for alloys with 16 to 23% chromium, 7 to 11% nickel, and 0.13 to 0.20% carbon Code Trade name Company 100...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... is maintained by ASTM Subcommittee A01.18 on Steel Castings. In the 1960s, ASTM Committee A-10 on Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, and Related Alloys introduced a series of 34 “XM” (XM-1 through XM-34) numbers to designate certain proprietary stainless steel alloys. This scheme was adopted so...
Abstract
This chapter presents the early classes of stainless steel. These include martensitic alloys, austenitic alloys, and ferritic alloys. It also presents stainless steel trade names. The chapter describes standardized designation for type 304 stainless steel by various specification organizations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... simultaneously. Stainless steel is an exceptional alloy system in that it is not a dilute solution. Alloy steels may contain several percent of alloying elements, such as carbon, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, and silicon, in addition to the impurities sulfur, oxygen, and phosphorus. Alloy steels...
Abstract
Metallurgy, as discussed in this chapter, focuses on phases normally encountered in stainless steels and their characteristics. This chapter describes the thermodynamics and the three basic phases of stainless steels: ferrite, austenite, and martensite. Formation of the principal intermetallic phases is also covered. In addition, the chapter provides information on carbides, nitrides, precipitation hardening, and inclusions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... also publishes work including nickel at present-day percentages. 1905 First Book on Stainless Steel Published Stainless Steel is authored by Léon Guillet in Dunod, Paris. It has 132 pages. 1906 Guillet Studies Iron-Chromium-Nickel Alloys Léon Guillet publishes a detailed study...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... httpsdoi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200295 Introduction Alloy Compositions Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Nickel-Copper Nickel-Molybdenum Individual Alloys Heat Treatment Mechanical Properties Welding Applications Copyright © 1995 Steel Founders' Society of America and ASM International® All rights reserved. www...
Abstract
Nickel-base castings are produced from a group of alloys with compositions that are typically greater than 50% Ni and less than 10% iron. This chapter presents the casting compositions of nickel-base alloys. It then provides an overview of heat treatment, mechanical properties, and applications of nickel-base castings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... ) Low-alloy duplex grades have PRENs of <32, intermediate alloy grades have PRENs between 32 and 39. Superduplex grades have PRENs ≥40. Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels The precipitation-hardening stainless steels are chromium-nickel grades that can be hardened by an aging treatment...
Abstract
This article covers the metallurgy and properties of stainless steels. It provides composition information on all types of ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels, including proprietary and nonstandard grades, along with corresponding property and performance data. It also discusses the effect of various alloying elements on pitting, crevice corrosion, sensitization, stress-corrosion cracking, and oxidation resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
...% A steel is also classified as an alloy steel when a difinite range or a definite minimum quantity of any of the following elements is specified or required within recognized limits: Aluminum Boron Chromium (up to 3.99%) Cobalt Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Titanium Tungsten...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of heat treating of alloy steels. It begins with an overview of the designations of AISI-SAE grades of alloy steels, followed by a description of the purposes served by alloying elements. The effects of specific alloying elements on the heat treatment of alloy steels and of boron on hardenability of alloy steels are then discussed. Procedures for heat treating four specific alloy steels (4037, 4037H; 4140, 4140H; 4340, 4340; and E52100) are subsequently presented. The chapter concludes with a brief account of austempering and martempering treatments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... over the ferritic alloys from the presence of nickel. For a given chromium level, oxidation rates decrease with increasing nickel content. Figures 14 , 15 , and 16 display this relationship. The optimal range for the iron base stainless steels, shown in Fig. 14 , is reached by the commercial alloy...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the compositions, mechanical properties, phase structure, stabilization, corrosion resistance, and advantages of austenitic stainless steels. Austenitic alloys are classified and reviewed in three groups: (1) lean alloys, such as 201 and 301, which are generally used when high strength or high formability is the main objective; (2) chromium nickel alloys used for high temperature oxidation resistance; and (3) chromium, molybdenum, nickel, and nitrogen alloys used for applications where corrosion resistance is the main objective.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.9781627083560
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240433
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... of number of alloys and usage. The addition of nickel, which is a strong austenite stabilizer, overcomes the ferrite-stabilizing effect of chromium ( Fig. 23.7 ), and all of these steels have the fcc structure. Since there is no phase change on cooling, they cannot be hardened by heat treatment...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the classification, composition, properties, and applications of five types of stainless steels: austenitic, ferritic, duplex, martensitic, and precipitation-hardening steels. It discusses the process involved in argon oxygen decarburization that is used to refine stainless steel. The chapter also provides information on the classification and composition of stainless steel castings. It concludes with a brief description of the Schaeffler constitution diagram which is useful in predicting the type of stainless steel as a function of its alloy content.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200298
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... are shown in Tables 22-3 and 22-4 . The standard grades, which are recognized by ASTM specifications, fall in a range from 0 to 68% nickel with 8 to 32% chromium and the balance primarily iron plus up to 2.5% silicon and 2% manganese. Proprietary alloys and others, which are now in the public domain...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the definitions, alloy classification, alloy selection, mechanical properties, hot gas corrosion resistance, and formability of heat-resistant high alloy steels. In addition, the applications of cast heat-resistant alloys are also discussed.