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Image
Published: 01 May 2018
FIG. 7.11 Built in the 1960s, the Gateway Arch welcomes over a million visitors per year. Source: STL_Skyline_2007_edit.jpg , Buphoff derivative work.
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Image
Published: 01 December 1995
Fig. 16-5 Expected nonconformities per million for various values of C p or C pm
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Image
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 2.9 Global map of aluminum primary metal production (millions of metric tons). Source: Ref 2.13
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... Abstract Beryllium is the 44th most abundant element on Earth, with an estimated concentration of six parts per million in the Earth’s crust. It is found in various forms in more than 100 minerals, two of which, beryl and bertrandite, account for most of the beryllium produced throughout...
Abstract
Beryllium is the 44th most abundant element on Earth, with an estimated concentration of six parts per million in the Earth’s crust. It is found in various forms in more than 100 minerals, two of which, beryl and bertrandite, account for most of the beryllium produced throughout the world. This chapter describes where and how beryllium is obtained and provides facts, figures, and insights on global supply and demand.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
.... FIG. 11.1 John Pierpont Morgan, the financier who assembled many companies to form United States Steel Corporation, circa 1918. The new USS owned 213 steel mills, 41 iron mines, 112 ore boats, and 57,000 acres of coalmines. The company controlled six million tons of production, about half...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the formation and growth of various integrated steel companies from 1901 to 1959, namely the United States Steel Corporation, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and a few of the notable smaller steel companies. The chapter discusses labor unrest and the growth of organized labor in the steel industry in the twentieth century.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... exceeded exports for the first time, with total imports reaching 4.7 million tons. Technology and Imports Due to the boom within the integrated steel industry during the 1950s and the forecast for increasing consumption in the future, the industry increased spending to upgrade existing plants...
Abstract
This chapter is an account of the various events that led to the decline of the integrated steel industry during the 1950s. These include the steel strike of 1959, the improvements in technology and increase in imports since 1950s, widespread closures of steel companies, the decline of the minimill industry, and the rapid growth of Mittal Steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... was equipped with the latest technology in EAFs and continuous casters and had a capacity of 200,000 tons per year, common with these first minimills. With constant upgrading of equipment and process improvements, Chaparral produced one million tons per year in 10 years and two million tons per year after...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the rise of steel minimills in the late 1960s through the leadership of F. Kenneth Iverson and Gerald Heffernan. The discussion covers the development of processes for flat products, flanged beams, and railroad rails. The chapter also covers the growth of the minimill industry along with the consolidation of the industry into large corporations. The chapter ends by providing information on novel processes developed for making iron.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790229
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... with soap and water, the cars looked as good as new. VIA Rail estimated that the cost of restoration would be less than $1 million per car, which they figured was probably about half of what it would cost for a new car. In other words, it could be said that each stainless steel shell is worth...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... the lands west of the Mississippi River. A Joint Resolution of Congress sanctioned the plan to build a memorial park in St. Louis. With a $7 million bond issue and $7 million in Works Progress Administration funding, the acquisition of land and the clearing of 40 acres along the Mississippi River began...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.9781627082877
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... and concentrates is approaching 10 million metric tons. Current and historic production and data on titanium are maintained by the United States Government ( Ref 1.3 , 1.4 , 1.5 ). Historical Background The element titanium was discovered in England by the Reverend William Gregor in 1790. In 1791, Gregor...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the production and use of titanium and its significance as an engineering material. It begins by identifying important deposits and ores and assessing current and future production capacities and how they align with global consumption trends. It then describes the physical and mechanical properties of pure titanium and numerous grades of wrought titanium alloys and explains how they compare with other aerospace materials in terms of processing complexity and cost. The chapter also includes information on extractive metallurgy, current and emerging processes, product forms, and related costs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... will exceed 1.12 billion by 2015. According to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), the world auto production for 2011 reached over 80 million vehicles. Over the next five years, the projected number of global vehicles produced annually will exceed 100 million. In 2011...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on the major drivers for automakers and the solutions to address these industry drivers and meet their business goals. It discusses the importance of steel in the industry and briefly describes the development and significance of advanced high-strength steels for the industry.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... steadily increasing capacity to produce aluminum and the decreasing cost of production, the Pittsburgh Reduction Company expanded rapidly throughout the rest of the 1890s. Production reached one million pounds in 1896, 2.4 million pounds in 1897, and five million pounds in 1900. The price decreased during...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of aluminum, its industry growth, and its modern uses in manufacturing. It begins with the biography of Charles Martin Hall, who invented the process for reducing aluminum from its ore. The evolution of aluminum production from the Pittsburgh Reduction Company to a pilot plant on Smallman Street in Pittsburgh, to a production plant in New Kensington, and to Niagara Falls, New York, is then described. This is followed by a discussion on early aluminum applications and the usage of lower-cost raw materials. The chapter provides information on aluminum production process integrated by Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) and the numerous technical problems and solutions related to Alcoa's research from World War I to World War II. The aerospace applications for aluminum alloys are also presented. The chapter concludes with a section on aluminum alloys developed by Alcoa.
Image
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 1.4 United States petroleum consumption for the transportation sector from 1995–2035, million barrels per day equivalent. Source: Ref 1.3
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Image
in Overview of the Mechanisms of Failure in Heat Treated Steel Components
> Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 18 The Great Boston Molasses Disaster. Twenty-one people were killed and over 150 buildings destroyed as the result of 2.3 million gal of molasses flooding North Boston.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2000
Fig. 4.6 TIMET’s larger hearth furnaces have dual chambers. Two such units, located at the Morgantown, PA facility, have a combined refining capacity of 40 million lb per year. Courtesy of Titanium Metals Corp. (TIMET)
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Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 9 Effect of alloy purity (interstitial element content) and stabilizer content (values given in parts per million) on the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of ferritic stainless steels. AC, air cooled; WQ, water quenched. Source: Ref 12
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... of automobile production for North America, which includes the United States, Canada, and Mexico, amounted to approximately 14.8 million light vehicles. Of that annual production, the United States’ share was approximately 8.6 million units. Figure 1.1 shows the historical and projected North American light...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
..., stiffness decreases, and vice versa. This relationship is illustrated for four common alloy systems in Fig. 4 . For example, steel alloys are usually considered to have a modulus of elasticity of 29 to 30 million psi, but this figure is valid only for room temperature. A spring will deflect more...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on some of the facts of mechanical properties of metals that must be understood to successfully undertake the task of failure analysis. The discussion begins by describing the causes and effects of elastic and plastic deformation followed by a section describing the effects of temperature variations on mechanical properties, both in tension and in compression. The nonlinear behavior of gray cast iron caused by the graphite flakes is then described. Finally, the effect of stress concentrations on high-strength metals is considered.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... to a million dollars a year by 1920 when Chrysler moved to New York to take over the Willys Overland Company. He was 45 years old. He and his family were soon living on a large French Renaissance estate at Great Neck, Long Island. There was a boathouse and a pier, which led Chrysler to buy a small yacht...
Abstract
This chapter describes the making of iconic structures such as the Chrysler Building. It also describes the discoveries of the Nirosta (18-8) stainless steel that was used for the construction of the Chrysler Building. The chapter presents William Van Alen's description of 18-8 stainless steel for the Chrysler Building. It provides information on the opening ceremonies for the Chrysler Building, Van Alen's vision, and the exterior of the building.
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