This data sheet includes a select list of factors for converting customary English units to metric (SI) units.

This appendix is intended as a guide for expressing weights and measures in the base, supplementary, and derived Systeme International d'Unites.

This appendix is a table of metric conversions for properties and measurements that commonly apply to metals and alloys.

This data set contains the results of uniaxial creep rupture tests for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys conducted at temperatures from 100 to 315 deg C. In most cases, tests were made of several lots of material of each alloy and temper, the results were analyzed, and the averages were normalized to the room-temperature typical values. For some alloys, "representative" values (raw data) rather than typical values are provided.

This appendix provides conversion factors for various properties and units.

This appendix contains the metric stress or pressure readings (MPa or ksi) to be converted.

Beryllium is the 44th most abundant element on Earth, with an estimated concentration of six parts per million in the Earth’s crust. It is found in various forms in more than 100 minerals, two of which, beryl and bertrandite, account for most of the beryllium produced throughout the world. This chapter describes where and how beryllium is obtained and provides facts, figures, and insights on global supply and demand.

This chapter describes a process for recovering beryllium from industrial waste associated with beryllium-copper production. It presents several detailed flowsheets along with typical operating parameters such as flow rates, chemical concentrations, particle sizes, and compositional ranges.

This data set contains the results of uniaxial tensile tests of a wide range of aluminum casting alloys conducted at high temperatures from 100 to 370 deg C, subzero temperatures from -269 to -28 deg C, and room temperature after holding at high temperatures from 100 to 370 deg C. In most cases, tests were made of several lots of material of each alloy and temper. The results for the several lots were then analyzed together graphically and statistically, and the averages were normalized to the room-temperature typical values. For some alloys, "representative" values (raw data) rather than typical values are provided.

This chapter reviews and provides data tables for the wide range of properties and performance characteristics that are possible with specific aluminum casting alloys and tempers. Properties and performance attributes addressed include casting and finishing characteristics; typical physical properties; typical and minimum (design) mechanical properties; fatigue strength; fracture resistance, including subcritical crack growth; and resistance to general corrosion and to stress-corrosion cracking. The chapter concludes with information on the properties of cast aluminum matrix composites.

This appendix is a conversion table for various units of measure.

This chapter focuses on the sustainability metrics of advanced high-strength steels. It presents a discussion on CO 2 emissions and energy intensity. The chapter provides an overview on the life-cycle assessment. It also discusses the economics of advanced high-strength steels.

The management of a failure analysis (FA) laboratory requires a broad range of activities to optimize the efficiency of the operation. The purpose of this article is to stimulate readers to consider the various aspects of FA laboratory operations and their respective business management requirements. The various aspects include: staffing, laboratory organization, lab design and operations, strategic development, financial management, and metrics and measurements. References for further reading and examples of resource materials are also included.

This chapter discusses the methodology of the tensile test and the effect of some of the variables on the tensile properties. The methodology and variables discussed are shape of the item being tested, method of gripping the item, method of applying the force, determination of strength properties other than the maximum force required to fracture the test item, ductility properties to be determined, speed of force application or speed of elongation, and test temperature. The chapter presents the definitions of the basic terms and their units, along with discussions of basic stress-strain behavior and the differences between related terms, such as stress and force and strain and elongation. It considers the parts of a tensile test, namely, test-piece preparation, geometry, and material condition; test setup and equipment; and test procedures. The chapter provides information on post-test measurements and describes the effect of strain concentrations and strain rate on tensile properties.

This chapter addresses the implications for increased aluminum usage on major issues such as climate change and solid waste management. The chapter also considers three approaches for decarbonizing aluminum-product production.

This chapter describes the process steps in the production of smelter grade aluminum, the environmental issues with aluminum production, and the importance of recycling. It also provides a discussion on the refining, or Bayer, process and the smelting, or Hall-Héroult, process.

This chapter describes some of events and developments that helped drive the commercialization of beryllium and its acceptance as an engineering material. It traces the growth of the domestic beryllium industry from its origins in the 1920s to the present time, and provides a status update on the primary beryllium producers throughout the world.

Transistors are the most important active structure of any semiconductor component. Performance characteristics of such devices within the specifications are key to ensuring proper functionality and long-term reliability of the product. In this article, a summary of the semiconductor technology from design to manufacturing and the characterization methods are discussed. The focus is on two prominent MOS structures: planar MOS device and FinFET device. The article covers the device parameters and device properties that determine the design criteria and the device tuning procedures. The discussion includes the effects of drain induced barrier lowering, velocity saturation, hot carrier degradation, and short channel on these devices.