This appendix provides conversion factors for various properties and units.

This appendix is a table of metric conversions for properties and measurements that commonly apply to metals and alloys.

This appendix is intended as a guide for expressing weights and measures in the base, supplementary, and derived Systeme International d'Unites.

This appendix contains metric energy conversions for J and ft-lb.

This appendix contains the metric stress or pressure readings (MPa or ksi) to be converted.

This data sheet includes a select list of factors for converting customary English units to metric (SI) units.

This appendix is a conversion table for various units of measure.

Improvement in processing, material substitution, light weighting, and recycling have contributed immensely to the cause of sustainability in the materials cycle. This chapter discusses some of the key indicators of sustainability that have direct relevance to advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) used in a vehicle. The discussion covers the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, production routes for manufacturing crude steel, and an optimized index guideline for selecting the best material. Details on the benefits of AHSS on the life cycle of vehicles are provided. The chapter also provides information on recycling and the economics of AHSS.

This chapter discusses the factors that influence temperature in forging operations and presents equations that can be used to predict and control it. The discussion covers heat generation and transfer, the effect of metal flow, temperature measurement, testing methods, and the influence of equipment-related parameters such as press speed, contact time, and tooling geometries.

Most integrated titanium mills have primary working equipment designed specifically for titanium. This chapter describes the forging, rolling, and extruding equipment used to produce titanium mill products and sheds light on the corresponding process, structure, property relationships.

This chapter explains how metallography and hardness testing are used to evaluate the quality and condition of metal products. It also discusses the use of tensile testing, fracture toughness and impact testing, fatigue testing, and nondestructive test methods including ultrasonic, x-ray, and eddy current testing.

This appendix provides tables listing alloy compositions and standard designations and common unit and hardness conversion factors.

This chapter reviews and provides data tables for the wide range of properties and performance characteristics that are possible with specific aluminum casting alloys and tempers. Properties and performance attributes addressed include casting and finishing characteristics; typical physical properties; typical and minimum (design) mechanical properties; fatigue strength; fracture resistance, including subcritical crack growth; and resistance to general corrosion and to stress-corrosion cracking. The chapter concludes with information on the properties of cast aluminum matrix composites.

This chapter discusses the methodology of the tensile test and the effect of some of the variables on the tensile properties. The methodology and variables discussed are shape of the item being tested, method of gripping the item, method of applying the force, determination of strength properties other than the maximum force required to fracture the test item, ductility properties to be determined, speed of force application or speed of elongation, and test temperature. The chapter presents the definitions of the basic terms and their units, along with discussions of basic stress-strain behavior and the differences between related terms, such as stress and force and strain and elongation. It considers the parts of a tensile test, namely, test-piece preparation, geometry, and material condition; test setup and equipment; and test procedures. The chapter provides information on post-test measurements and describes the effect of strain concentrations and strain rate on tensile properties.

An induction heating system consists of a source of alternating current (ac), an induction coil, and the workpiece to be heated. This chapter describes the basic phenomena underlying induction heating with respect to the interactions between the coil and the workpiece. The chapter reviews the mechanistic basis for induction heating and provides an example of eddy-current distribution in a solid bar. The chapter defines two important concepts in the technology of induction heating: equivalent resistance and electrical efficiency. The chapter concludes with a discussion of methods for determination of power requirements for a given application.

This chapter discusses the process of cold forging and its effect on various materials. It describes billet preparation and lubrication procedures, cold upsetting techniques, and the use of slab analysis for estimating cold forging loads. It likewise describes extrusion processes, explaining how to estimate friction and flow stress and predict extrusion loads and energy requirements. The chapter also discusses the tooling used in cold forging, the parameters affecting tool life, and the relative advantages of warm forging.

This chapter reviews the types of friction that are of concern in tribological systems along with their associated causes and effects. It discusses some of the early discoveries that led to the development of friction laws and the understanding that friction is a system effect that can be analyzed based on energy dissipation. It describes the stick-slip behavior observed in wiper blades, the concept of asperities, and the significance of the shape, lay, roughness, and waviness of surfaces in sliding contact. It explains how friction forces are measured and how they are influenced by speed, load, and operating environment. It also covers rolling contact and fluid friction and the effect of lubrication.

This chapter is a compilation of terms and definitions related to surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance.