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metallurgical characteristics
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... the important characteristics of metals with respect to corrosion, namely the metallurgical characteristics, the inherent tendency to corrode, and the tendency to form insoluble corrosion products. The important characteristics of aqueous solutions with respect to corrosion are then addressed...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the basic concepts important to understanding corrosion of metals. It begins with an overview of the three types of behaviors that a metal exhibits when immersed in an environment and of the four requirements of a corrosion cell. The chapter then covers the important characteristics of metals with respect to corrosion, namely the metallurgical characteristics, the inherent tendency to corrode, and the tendency to form insoluble corrosion products. The important characteristics of aqueous solutions with respect to corrosion are then addressed. The characteristics include: conductivity of the solution, acidity and alkalinity, oxidizing power, degree of ionization, and solubility in the solution. These characteristics, in combination with the characteristics of the metal, will determine the corrosion behavior of a metal/environment combination. The chapter concludes with a section on the determination of corrosion rates and corrosion rate allowances.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
...Abstract Abstract The design stresses for most pressure-containing structural application, which are based upon minimum mechanical properties designated in the specifications published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). This chapter reviews metallurgical characteristics...
Abstract
The design stresses for most pressure-containing structural application, which are based upon minimum mechanical properties designated in the specifications published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). This chapter reviews metallurgical characteristics and their influence on the properties and performance of structural carbon and low alloy steels and contains a summary of the relevant features of the ASTM product specifications.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... strength values were determined in cases of static bending with the aid of the Instron TT-DM machine. The results of metallurgical and strength investigations are shown in Tables 1 and 2 . Metallurgical characteristics and corresponding values of fatigue limits for the investigated versions...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the various factors influencing the evaluation of fatigue fracture of nitrided layers. It begins by describing the problems of enhancing the fatigue resistance of machine components. The significance and detailed assessment of the effect of a structural flaw are then explained, using investigations of the effect of variable core conditions on fatigue resistance as an example. This is followed by a discussion on the processes involved in the evaluation of fatigue properties of nitrided steels. The chapter also describes the determination of the fatigue characteristics of nitrided steels after the carbonitriding treatment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.t51180151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
...Abstract Abstract This appendix focuses on procedures, techniques, and precautions associated with the investigation and analysis of metallurgical failures that occur in service. It describes the steps of an orderly failure analysis from collecting and examining samples to performing mechanical...
Abstract
This appendix focuses on procedures, techniques, and precautions associated with the investigation and analysis of metallurgical failures that occur in service. It describes the steps of an orderly failure analysis from collecting and examining samples to performing mechanical and nondestructive tests, preparing and examining fractographs and micrographs, determining failure mode, writing the report, and developing follow-up recommendations. It also examines the fundamental mechanisms of failure, why they occur, and how to identify them by their characteristic features.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
...Abstract Abstract Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of brazing and soldering. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of the brazing process and provides information on filler metals and specific brazing methods. The soldering portion of the chapters provides information on solder alloys used, selection criteria for base metal, the processes involved in precleaning and surface preparation, types of fluxes used, solder joint design, and solder heating methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... by metallurgical and environmental variables and loading conditions. It also examines the crack growth resistance curves of several aluminum alloys and describes the characteristics of fracture when all or some of the applied load is in the plane of the crack. crack-tip plasticity fracture resistance...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various types of material fracture toughness and the methods by which they are determined. It begins with a review of the basic principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, covering the Griffith-Irwin theory of fracture, the concept of strain energy release rate, the use of fracture indices and failure criteria, and the ramifications of crack-tip plasticity in ductile and brittle fractures. It goes on to describe the different types of plain-strain and plane-stress fracture toughness, explaining how they are measured and how they are influenced by metallurgical and environmental variables and loading conditions. It also examines the crack growth resistance curves of several aluminum alloys and describes the characteristics of fracture when all or some of the applied load is in the plane of the crack.
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
...Abstract Abstract Carbon and low-alloy steels are the most frequently welded metallic materials, and much of the welding metallurgy research has focused on this class of materials. Key metallurgical factors of interest include an understanding of the solidification of welds, microstructure...
Abstract
Carbon and low-alloy steels are the most frequently welded metallic materials, and much of the welding metallurgy research has focused on this class of materials. Key metallurgical factors of interest include an understanding of the solidification of welds, microstructure of the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ), solid-state phase transformations during welding, control of toughness in the HAZ, the effects of preheating and postweld heat treatment, and weld discontinuities. This chapter provides information on the classification of steels and the welding characteristics of each class. It describes the issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The major forms of environmentally assisted cracking affecting weldment corrosion are covered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the effects of welding practice on weldment corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
...Abstract Abstract Discontinuities are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld. This article describes the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of the principal welding processes. Discontinuities covered are metallurgical discontinuities, discontinuities...
Abstract
Discontinuities are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld. This article describes the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of the principal welding processes. Discontinuities covered are metallurgical discontinuities, discontinuities associated with specialized welding processes, and base metal discontinuities. In addition, information on the common inspection methods used to detect these discontinuities is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... brittle to be useful. The suitability of welding processes and alloys for welded assemblies is related to the chemical and metallurgical characteristics of alloys. An understanding of these characteristics is vital in designing and fabricating welded assemblies. Chemical and Metallurgical...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the various methods used to join titanium alloy assemblies, focusing on welding processes and procedures. It explains how welding alters the structure and properties of titanium and how it is influenced by composition, surface qualities, and other factors. It describes several welding processes, including arc welding, resistance welding, and friction stir welding, and addresses related issues such as welding defects, quality control, and stress relieving. The chapter also covers mechanical fastening techniques along with adhesive bonding and brazing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... of manufacturing processes to determine the statistical variation of a product with respect to a measured characteristic. For heat treating processes, characteristics frequently measured are hardness and case depth. Because these metallurgical characteristics are sometimes difficult to define, specifications may...
Abstract
A successful heat treating operation is determined by the ability to satisfy the customer's quality requirements consistently and economically. This chapter reviews the steps that are important to produce quality parts in heat treating with a brief practical explanation of each. The steps include selecting proper material and design of the part being treated; determining whether the process is capable of heat treatment; using statistical process control, control charting, and in-process inspection and testing; and applying statistical quality control and final testing (sampling) to verify the results.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...Abstract Abstract This chapter discusses the factors influencing the corrosion resistance of bulk materials, namely alloying, metallurgical factors, and mechanical treatments. corrosion resistance bulk materials alloying metallurgical factors mechanical treatments THE CORROSION...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
...: Superalloy 718 —Metallurgy and Applications , American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, 1989 ) • The proceedings of a continuing series of conferences in Europe, first held in 1978 and at four year intervals thereafter, with emphasis on gas turbines, power engineering...
Abstract
This appendix includes selected references on topics related to the production and application of superalloys, including properties and microstructure; melting/ingot breakdown; forging/powder metallurgy; machining, heat treating, joining, refurbishment/repair; investment casting; coatings/corrosion; and modeling.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... choice. Metallurgical characteristics also vary as a function of cooling rates and solidification conditions imposed by differing casting processes. An alloy selection imposed by specified requirements and metallurgical considerations often dictates the casting process. 3.2.3 Volume of Production...
Abstract
This chapter begins with information on the historical development of aluminum alloy castings. It then covers the basic factors involved in the selection of a casting process. This is followed by sections describing the various categories of casting processes and their variants: expendable mold gravity-feed casting, nonexpendable (permanent) mold gravity feed casting, and pressure die casting. Next, the chapter describes the technologies used to produce premium engineered castings and when such castings may be relevant. The chapter concludes with descriptions of other process technologies used with castings, including metallurgical bonding, metal-matrix composites, and hot isostatic pressing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... the properties and appearance of the part without changing its shape. Heat treating, anodizing, and surface treatment are commonly used material treatment processes. Joining processes, in which two or more parts are joined to form a new component or subassembly. Metallurgical joining processes...
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to metal forming processes and where they fit among the five general areas of manufacturing. It also discusses the basic differences between bulk deformation and sheet-metal forming processes and how they relate to hybrid forming processes such as drawing, bending, and coining.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... fail, they leave certain distinct tell-tale marks. These marks, when properly documented, can provide the exacting evidence the judiciary is looking for in litigations following such failures. The courts are now depending more and more on the metallurgical profession for making correct decisions...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of failure analysis in cases involving product liability, property damage, and personal injury litigation. It also explains how material science and technology shed light on criminal activities such as smuggling, counterfeiting, theft, and the willful destruction of property.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... to describe all thermal practices intended to modify the metallurgical structure of products in such a way that physical and mechanical characteristics are controllably altered to meet specific engineering criteria. One or more of the following objectives form the basis for temper selection...
Abstract
The metallurgy of aluminum and its alloys offers a range of opportunities for employing heat treatments to obtain desirable combinations of mechanical and physical properties such that castings meet defined temper requirements. This chapter discusses the processes involved in solution heat treatment, quenching, precipitation hardening, and annealing of aluminum alloys. The effects of these processes on dimensional stability and residual stresses are also discussed. Troubleshooting and diagnosis of heat treating problems are covered in the concluding section of the chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
...-stage gas turbine blade that had type 2 hot-corrosion attack. (d) A metallurgical cross section showing the layered corrosion attack of the blade shown in (c). Source: Ref 4 In all elevated-temperature failures, the characteristics of the environment must be carefully considered. These include...
Abstract
Elevated-temperature failures are the most complex type of failure because all of the modes of failures can occur at elevated temperatures (with the obvious exception of low-temperature brittle fracture). Elevated-temperature problems are real concerns in industrial applications. The principal types of elevated-temperature failure mechanisms discussed in this chapter are creep, stress rupture, overheating failure, elevated-temperature fatigue, thermal fatigue, metallurgical instabilities, and environmentally induced failure. The causes, features, and effects of these failures are discussed. The cooling techniques for preventing elevated-temperature failures are also covered.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
..., the metallurgical characteristics of the resultant alloy, and its mechanical and physical properties must be considered when designing a dissimilar-metal joint. For the fusion welding processes it is important to investigate the phase diagram of the two metals involved. If there is mutual solubility of the two...
Abstract
Many factors must be considered when welding dissimilar metals, and adequate procedures for the various metals and sizes of interest for a specific application must be developed and qualified. Most combinations of dissimilar metals can be joined by solid-state welding (diffusion welding, explosion welding, friction welding, or ultrasonic welding), brazing, or soldering where alloying between the metals is normally insignificant. This chapter describes the factors influencing joint integrity and discusses the corrosion behavior of dissimilar metal weldments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... removal processes such as drilling, milling, cutting, and grinding Joining processes such as welding, soldering, and brazing The major focus of this chapter is on the metallurgical aspects of these basic metalworking technologies. In any process, the properties of the work material directly...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes involved in the fabrication of wrought and cast metal products. It discusses deformation processes including bending and forming, material removal processes such as milling, cutting, and grinding, and joining methods including welding, soldering, and brazing. It also discusses powder consolidation, rolling, drawing and extrusion, and common forging methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... in properties or appearance. Joining processes, including (a) metallurgical joining, such as welding and diffusion bonding, and (b) mechanical joining, such as riveting, shrink fitting, and mechanical assembly. Metallurgical joining processes, such as welding, brazing, and soldering, form a permanent...