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Image
Tensile strength of cast bars of lead-tin alloys. Optimal mechanical proper...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 April 2004
Fig. 2.34 Tensile strength of cast bars of lead-tin alloys. Optimal mechanical properties are coincident with the eutectic composition (Pb-62Sn). Adapted from Inoue, Kurihara, and Hachino [1986 ]
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Book Chapter
Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms and Static Strength of Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... images, diagrams, and explanations. It discusses the various factors that influence strength and ductility, including grain size, loading rate, and temperature. It also provides information on the origin of residual stresses, the concept of toughness, and the damage mechanisms associated with creep...
Abstract
This chapter examines the phenomena of deformation and fracture in metals, providing readers with an understanding of why it occurs and how it can be prevented. It begins with a detailed review of tension and compression stress-strain curves, explaining how they are produced and what they reveal about the load-carrying characteristics of engineering materials. It then discusses the use of failure criteria and the determination of yielding and fracture limits. It goes on to describe the mechanisms and appearances of brittle and ductile fractures and stress rupture, providing detailed images, diagrams, and explanations. It discusses the various factors that influence strength and ductility, including grain size, loading rate, and temperature. It also provides information on the origin of residual stresses, the concept of toughness, and the damage mechanisms associated with creep and stress rupture, stress corrosion, and hydrogen embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... is its combination of relatively high mechanical strength and surface stability at high operating temperatures. This chapter provides a brief history of the development of superalloys and discusses their use in the gas turbine engines. superalloys THERE IS NO STRICT DEFINITION of a superalloy...
Abstract
Superalloys, although not strictly defined, are generally regarded as high-performance alloys based on group VIII elements (nickel, cobalt, or iron, with a high percentage of nickel) to which a multiplicity of alloying elements have been added. The defining feature of a superalloy is its combination of relatively high mechanical strength and surface stability at high operating temperatures. This chapter provides a brief history of the development of superalloys and discusses their use in the gas turbine engines.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... Abstract With cold work, mechanical strength (measured either by yield strength or ultimate tensile strength) increases and ductility (measured by elongation, reduction of area, or fracture toughness) normally decreases. This chapter discusses the mechanisms that produce these changes...
Abstract
With cold work, mechanical strength (measured either by yield strength or ultimate tensile strength) increases and ductility (measured by elongation, reduction of area, or fracture toughness) normally decreases. This chapter discusses the mechanisms that produce these changes and the factors that influence them. It explains how cold working increases dislocation density and how that affects the stress-strain characteristics of steel, particularly the onset of deformation. It describes the effects of deformation on ferrite, austenite, cementite, and pearlite, and how to optimize their microstructure for various applications through controlled deformation. It also provides information on subcritical annealing, the examination and control of texture, the use of optical microscopy to monitor the effects of recrystallization, and the effect of cold working on threaded fasteners, nails, and filaments used to manufacture cords.
Image
Steels with twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) have an extraordinary potent...
Available to Purchase
in Advanced Steels for Forming Operations
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 13.26 Steels with twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) have an extraordinary potential for applications where high deformations are considered with high work-hardening coefficient and high mechanical strength.
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(a) Dense (99.9%) microstructure of Al-6061 cold-sprayed coating on a magne...
Available to Purchase
in Cold Spray Applications in Repair and Refurbishment for the Aerospace, Oil and Gas, and Power-Generation Industries
> High Pressure Cold Spray: Principles and Applications
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 11.3 (a) Dense (99.9%) microstructure of Al-6061 cold-sprayed coating on a magnesium substrate. (b) Comparison of wrought vs. cold-sprayed Al-6061 mechanical strength. (c) Bond adhesion test for cold-sprayed aluminum. (d) Lug shear test on different magnesium substrates. (e) Galvanic
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Image
(a) Dense (99.9%) microstructure of Al-6061 cold-sprayed coating on a magne...
Available to Purchase
in Cold Spray Applications in Repair and Refurbishment for the Aerospace, Oil and Gas, and Power-Generation Industries
> High Pressure Cold Spray: Principles and Applications
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 11.3 (a) Dense (99.9%) microstructure of Al-6061 cold-sprayed coating on a magnesium substrate. (b) Comparison of wrought vs. cold-sprayed Al-6061 mechanical strength. (c) Bond adhesion test for cold-sprayed aluminum. (d) Lug shear test on different magnesium substrates. (e) Galvanic
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Book Chapter
Solutions and Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... Abstract In order to understand how the strength of steels is controlled, it is extremely useful to have an elementary understanding of two topics: solutions and phase diagrams. This chapter provides an introduction to these topics with suitable examples. mechanical strength phase...
Abstract
In order to understand how the strength of steels is controlled, it is extremely useful to have an elementary understanding of two topics: solutions and phase diagrams. This chapter provides an introduction to these topics with suitable examples.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
... of applications, it is essential that they offer reasonably good mechanical strength and ductility. The high-corrosion-resistant austenitic family and the low-cost ferritic family of alloys exhibit modest levels of mechanical strength that are satisfactory for many applications. Applications requiring higher...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the mechanical properties of powder metal stainless steels and the extent to which they can be controlled through appropriate alloying and processing steps. It describes how process-related factors, such as porosity, interstitial content, sintering atmosphere, and heating and cooling profiles, affect strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance. It also provides an extensive amount of property data – including tensile and yield strength, elongation, hardness, and creep and stress rupture measurements as well as fatigue curves – for various grades of powder metal stainless steel.
Book Chapter
Comparing the Microstructure of Components Prepared by Various Powder Metallurgy and Casting Methods
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... and carbide dispersions, porosity, dendritic formation, and properties such as hardness, toughness, tensile strength, and yield strength. carbide formation casting composition grain boundaries hardness mechanical strength microstructure porosity powder metallurgy TRADITIONALLY, METALS...
Abstract
This chapter examines the microstructure of metallic components produced by casting and compares them with microstructures achieved by means of powder metallurgy. It shows how metals and alloys obtained by various processing routes differ in terms of grain size, secondary phases, oxide and carbide dispersions, porosity, dendritic formation, and properties such as hardness, toughness, tensile strength, and yield strength.
Book Chapter
Engineering Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... properties of selected plastics Table 7.2 Mechanical properties of selected plastics Material Tensile strength Tensile modulus Flexural strength Impact strength Hardness, Rockwell Flame rating, UL 94 MPa ksi GPa 10 6 psi MPa ksi J/m Ft lbf/in. ABS 41 6.0 2.3 0.33 72.4...
Abstract
This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.
Book Chapter
Creep
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
..., creep becomes important when the mechanical strength of a metal becomes limited by creep rather than by its yield strength. Since this transition in engineering design is not directly related to melting temperature, the temperature at which the mechanical strength of a metal becomes creep limited must...
Abstract
Creep occurs in any metal or alloy at a temperature where atoms become sufficiently mobile to allow the time-dependent rearrangement of structure. This chapter begins with a section on creep curves, covering the three distinct stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It then provides information on the stress-rupture test used to measure the time it takes for a metal to fail at a given stress at elevated temperature. The major classes of creep mechanism, namely Nabarro-Herring creep and Coble creep, are then covered. The chapter also provides information on three primary modes of elevated fracture, namely, rupture, transgranular fracture, and intergranular fracture. The next section focuses on some of the metallurgical instabilities caused by overaging, intermetallic phase precipitation, and carbide reactions. Subsequent sections address creep life prediction and creep-fatigue interaction and the approaches to design against creep.
Book Chapter
Wear Failures of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... and debris at the interface. The wear rate can be very high if the prevailing interface temperature is high. An important application of thermosets in a tribological context is in brake pads, where the base polymer is mixed with several additives for optimal friction, wear, and mechanical strength...
Abstract
This article provides details on several of the classifications of polymer wear mechanisms, using wear data and micrographs from published works. The primary goals are to present the mechanisms of polymer wear and to quantify wear in terms of wear rate. The discussion begins by providing information on the processes involved in interfacial and cohesive wear. This is followed by sections describing the wear process and applications of elastomers, thermosets, glassy thermoplastics, and semicrystalline thermoplastics. The effects of environmental and lubricant on the wear failures of polymers are then discussed. The article further includes a case study describing the tribological performance of nylon. It ends by presenting some examples of wear failures of plastics.
Book Chapter
Complex-Phase Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... 0.60 CP 1100 SF 0.18 2.40 0.60 Hot rolled CP 750 0.25 1.40 0.50 CP 800 0.10 2.00 0.25 CP 1100 0.14 1.70 0.25 Source: Ref 6.2 Table 6.2 features the mechanical properties of the U.S. Steel multiphase grade. The tensile strength of the multiphase steel grade...
Abstract
This chapter presents a discussion on the compositions, microstructures, processing, deformation mechanism, mechanical properties, formability, and attributes of complex-phase steels.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanisms
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... Abstract This chapter introduces the concepts of mechanical properties and the various underlying metallurgical mechanisms that can be used to alter the strength of materials. The mechanical properties discussed include elasticity, plasticity, creep deformation, fatigue, toughness, and hardness...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the concepts of mechanical properties and the various underlying metallurgical mechanisms that can be used to alter the strength of materials. The mechanical properties discussed include elasticity, plasticity, creep deformation, fatigue, toughness, and hardness. The strengthening mechanisms covered are solid-solution strengthening, cold working, and dispersion strengthening. The effect of grain size on the yield strength of a material is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... the effects of temperature variations on mechanical properties, both in tension and in compression. The nonlinear behavior of gray cast iron caused by the graphite flakes is then described. Finally, the effect of stress concentrations on high-strength metals is considered. elastic deformation...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on some of the facts of mechanical properties of metals that must be understood to successfully undertake the task of failure analysis. The discussion begins by describing the causes and effects of elastic and plastic deformation followed by a section describing the effects of temperature variations on mechanical properties, both in tension and in compression. The nonlinear behavior of gray cast iron caused by the graphite flakes is then described. Finally, the effect of stress concentrations on high-strength metals is considered.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing and Properties of Plastics: An Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... mechanical properties of plastics Material Tensile strength, MPa (ksi) Elongation, % Modulus of elasticity, GPa (10 6 psi) Compressive strength, MPa (ksi) Modulus of rupture, MPa (ksi) Hardness Thermosets EP, reinforced with glass cloth 350 (51) … 175 (25) 410 (39) 485 (70) MF...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods of mechanical testing of plastics for determining mechanical properties, also describing the test methods and providing comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical analyses of viscoelastic plastics are briefly described. The discussion covers the most commonly used tests for impact performance, various types of hardness test for plastics, the fatigue strength of viscoelastic materials, and the tension testing of elastomers and fibers.
Book Chapter
Introduction and Uses of Lightweight Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... properties. Strengths up to 1400 MPa (200 ksi) provide excellent mechanical properties. An adherent, protective TiO 2 film provides excellent resistance to corrosion. However, even though titanium is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, due to its high melting point and extreme reactivity...
Abstract
Engineers have many materials to choose from when dealing with weight-related design constraints. The list includes aluminum, beryllium, magnesium, and titanium alloys as well as engineering plastics, structural ceramics, and polymer-, metal-, and ceramic-matrix composites. This chapter provides a brief overview of these lightweight materials, discussing their primary advantages along with their properties, behaviors, and limitations.
Book Chapter
Martensitic Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... distortions in its body-centered tetragonal (bct) structure. The distorted lattice resists dislocation glide and increases the strength and hardness of martensite. The strengthening mechanism in tempered martensite shifts from resistance to dislocation glide in a distorted lattice to resistance to dislocation...
Abstract
Martensitic steels are produced by quenching carbon steel from the austenite phase into martensite. This chapter provides information on the composition, microstructures, processing, deformation mechanisms, mechanical properties, hot forming, tempering, and special attributes of martensitic steels.
Book Chapter
Martensitic Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... (bct) structure of martensite. The distorted lattice resists dislocation glide and thus increases the strength and hardness of martensite. The strengthening mechanism in tempered martensite shifts from resistance to dislocation glide in a distorted lattice to resistance to dislocation glide by Fe 3 C...
Abstract
Martensitic (MS) steel is produced by quenching carbon steel from the austenitic phase into martensite. This chapter presents the compositions, microstructures, processing, deformation mechanism, mechanical properties, hot forming process, and attributes of MS steels.
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