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maraging steels
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170234
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
...Abstract Abstract This article discusses the effects of alloying on the properties and behaviors of maraging steels. It describes how maraging steels differ from conventional steels in that they are strengthened, not by carbon, but by the precipitation of intermetallic compounds. It explains...
Abstract
This article discusses the effects of alloying on the properties and behaviors of maraging steels. It describes how maraging steels differ from conventional steels in that they are strengthened, not by carbon, but by the precipitation of intermetallic compounds. It explains how maraging steels typically have high levels of nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum with little carbon content and how that affects their dimensional stability, fracture toughness, weldability, and resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
.... They are low-alloy structural steels, SAE/AISI alloy steels, high-fracture-toughness steels, maraging steels, austenitic manganese steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, dual-phase steels, and transformation-induced plasticity steels. alloying elements mechanical properties low-alloy structural steels...
Abstract
Alloy steels are alloys of iron with the addition of carbon and one or more of the following elements: manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, tungsten, cobalt, copper, vanadium, silicon, aluminum, and boron. Alloy steels exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to plain carbonsteels as a result of alloying additions. This chapter describes the beneficial effects of these alloying elements in steels. It discusses the mechanical properties, nominal compositions, advantages, and engineering applications of various classes of alloy steels. They are low-alloy structural steels, SAE/AISI alloy steels, high-fracture-toughness steels, maraging steels, austenitic manganese steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, dual-phase steels, and transformation-induced plasticity steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310285
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... discusses the composition, classification, and properties of unalloyed and low-alloy cold-worked tool steels; medium and high-alloy cold-worked tool steels; and 18% nickel maraging steels. annealing cold-work tool steel distortion high-speed tool steel hot-work tool steel mold steel normalizing...
Abstract
The possible classification for tool steels is their division into four groups according to their final application: hot-worked, cold-worked, plastic mold, and high-speed tool steels. This chapter mainly follows such division by application, but the grade nomenclatures used here are primarily from AISI. It presents the classification of tool steels and discusses the principles and processes of tool steel heat treating, namely normalizing, annealing, hardening, and tempering. Various factors associated with distortion in several tool steels are also covered. The chapter discusses the composition, classification, and properties of unalloyed and low-alloy cold-worked tool steels; medium and high-alloy cold-worked tool steels; and 18% nickel maraging steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
...Abstract Abstract The nitriding process can be applied to various materials and part geometries. This chapter focuses on tool steels, pure irons, low-alloy steels, and maraging steels. Various considerations such as the surface metallurgy requirements of the die, including case depth, compound...
Abstract
The nitriding process can be applied to various materials and part geometries. This chapter focuses on tool steels, pure irons, low-alloy steels, and maraging steels. Various considerations such as the surface metallurgy requirements of the die, including case depth, compound layer formation, and temperature, are also discussed in this chapter. The chapter also addresses steel selection and surface metallurgy of gears.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., are found to promote the incidence of SCC in such steels. The two commercially important types of steel with yield strengths (i.e., 0.2% proof stress; the term yield strength is used in the engineering sense) greater than 1240 MPa are quenched and tempered low-alloy steels and maraging steels...
Abstract
High-strength steels are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) even in moist air. This chapter identifies such steels and the applications where they are typically found. It provides information on crack growth kinetics and crack propagation models in which hydrogen embrittlement is the predominant mechanism. It explains how different application variables affect SCC, including loading mode, state of stress, type of steel, temperature, electrochemical potential, heat treatment, and deformation processes. It also compares SCC characteristics in different high-strength steels and discusses the influence of composition, steelmaking practice, and application environment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... by excessive tensile overload. They were then replaced by bolts made of maraging steel, which also failed during test run, one of them by fatigue and the other by tensile overload. The bolts were experiencing loads in excess of the design loads. The design of the connecting rod system needs to be reviewed...
Abstract
A pair of bolts on a connecting rod failed during a test run for a prototype engine. They were replaced by bolts made from a stronger material that also failed, one due to fatigue, the other by tensile overload. The fracture surfaces on all four bolts were examined using optical and electron microscopes, indicating that the operating loads on the bolts far exceeded the design loads. Based on their observations, which are summarized in the report, failure analysts concluded that the design of the connecting rod system needs to be reassessed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
...–255 300–340 480 4142 185–230 260–300 425 HP 9–4-30 200–240 (a) 520 8640 185–230 260–300 425 Maraging steel 200–240 (a) 485 (a) Process generally is not used with these types of materials. Normalizing and Annealing In general, the term normalizing refers...
Abstract
The through-hardening process is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. Four different methods of heat treatment are primarily used for through-hardened gears. In ascending order of achievable hardness, these methods are annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the through-hardening of gears. It provides information on designing procedures, hardness, distortion, and applications of the through-hardened gears. The chapter presents a case history on the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... of partitioning, precipitation, segregation, and retained austenite. cold work tool steel die steel heat treatment high-speed tool steel hot work tool steel maraging steel microstructure shock-resistant tool steel water-hardening tool steel TOOL STEELS are the steels used to form and machine...
Abstract
Tools steels are defined by their wear resistance, hardness, and durability which, in large part, is achieve by the presence of carbide-forming alloys such as chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium. This chapter describes the alloying principles employed in various tool steels, including high-speed, water-hardening, shock-resistant, and hot and cold work tool steels. It discusses the influence of alloy design on the evolution of microstructure and properties during solidification, heat treating, and hardening operations. It also describes critical phase transformations and the effects of partitioning, precipitation, segregation, and retained austenite.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... 170–215 350 4145 195–240 285–330 450 8630 155–200 170–215 350 4150 195–240 285–330 450 4140 185–230 260–300 425 4340 210–255 300–340 480 4142 185–230 260–300 425 HP 9-4-30 200–240 (a) 520 8640 185–230 260–300 425 Maraging steel 200–240 (a) 485...
Abstract
Through-hardening heat treatment is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. In through hardening, gears are first heated to a required temperature and then cooled either in the furnace or quenched in air, gas, or liquid. Four heat treatment methods are primarily used for through-hardened gears: annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter begins with a discussion of these through-hardening processes. This is followed by sections providing some factors affecting the design and hardness levels of through-hardened gears. Next, the chapter reviews the considerations related to distortion of through-hardened gears. It then discusses the applications of through-hardened gears. Finally, the chapter presents a case history of the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... commercial maraging steels Table 8.5 Nominal compositions of standard commercial maraging steels Grade Composition (a) , wt% Ni Mo Co Ti Al 18 Ni Marage 200 18 3.3 8.5 0.2 0.1 18 Ni Marage 250 18 5.0 7.75 0.4 0.1 18 Ni Marage 300 18 5.0 9.0 0.65 0.1 18 Ni Marage...
Abstract
This chapter describes the classification of steels and the various compositional categories of commercial steel products. It explains how different alloying elements affect the properties of carbon and low-alloys steels and discusses strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance and how to improve them.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... the hardness range of 35 to 55 HRC. Savings in energy and capital investment are realized. Maraging Steels These highly alloyed, low-carbon, iron-nickel martensites have an excellent combination of strength and toughness that is superior to that of most carbon hardened steels, and are alternatives...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the principal heat treating processes, namely normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, surface hardening, quenching, and tempering. An overview of four of the more popular surface hardening treatments, namely carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing, is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... reagent. 320× Fig. 1.19 Micrograph of AISI M-2 high-speed tool steel showing a microstructure consisting of tempered martensite and carbides (white etching constituent). Etched in 12% sodium metabisulfite solution. 500× Fig. 1.21 Micrograph of a maraging steel showing a microstructure...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... high Very high Very high Medium Ion nitriding, laser, PFS, PVD, TD-VC D2 Low NA NA NA High Ion nitriding, PFS, PVD, TD-VC (a) PFS, powder flame spray; PVD, physical vapor deposition; TD-VC, thermal diffusion-vanadium carbide 21.2.2 Maraging Steels Maraging steels...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that affect die steel selection for hot forging, including material properties such as hardenability, heat and wear resistance, toughness, and resistance to plastic deformation and mechanical fatigue. It then describes the relative merits of various materials and the basic requirements for cold forging dies. The chapter also covers die manufacturing processes, such as high-speed and hard machining, electrodischarge machining, and hobbing, and the use of surface treatments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
...: Ref 4 Fig. 6 Scanning electron microscopy view of the surface of the tensile test fracture in 18% Ni, grade 300 maraging steel, showing a portion of the central zone of the fracture, close to the origin. The surface here is composed of equiaxed dimples of two sizes. The large dimples...
Abstract
This chapter provides information and data on the fatigue and fracture properties of steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It explains how microstructure, grain size, inclusions, and other factors affect the fracture toughness and fatigue life of these materials and the extent to which they can be optimized. It also discusses the effect of metalworking and heat treatment, the influence of loading and operating conditions, and factors such as corrosion damage that can accelerate crack growth rates.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...), martensitic stainless steels, low-alloy steels, and maraging steels are extremely susceptible to cracking in hydrogen environments, including aqueous solutions containing NaCl. Although chlorides are the primary cause of SCC in many alloy systems, it is generally accepted that the mechanism of cracking...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a form of environmentally assisted failure that results most often from the combined action of hydrogen and residual or applied tensile stress. This chapter classifies the various forms of hydrogen damage, summarizes the various theories that seek to explain hydrogen damage, and reviews hydrogen degradation in specific ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The preeminent theories for hydrogen damage are based on pressure, surface adsorption, decohesion, enhanced plastic flow, hydrogen attack, and hydride formation. The specific alloys covered are iron-base, nickel, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... steel 1060 (1940)/1 150 (300)/1 50 68 3 370 700 6.45 0.233 PK 42 Maraging steel 485 (900)/3 … 50 61 3 450 840 6.60 0.239 MS-5A 41 Age-hardening martensitic stainless steel 485 (900)/10 … 48 61 1 450 840 6.55 0.237 Grade Carbide content, vol % Matrix alloy...
Abstract
This article discusses the applications, compositions, and properties of cemented carbides and cermets. It explains how alloying elements, grain size, and binder content influence the properties and behaviors of cemented carbides. It also discusses the properties of steel-bonded carbides, or cermets, the various grades available, and the types of applications for which they are suited.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... steels. In fact, these steels are the most widely used of all gear materials and will be the emphasis of this chapter. Other ferrous alloys used for gears are cast irons, cast steels, powder metallurgy (P/M) irons and steels, stainless steels, tool steels, and maraging steels. Although a number...
Abstract
This chapter describes important requirements for ferrous and nonferrous alloys used for gears. Wrought surface-hardening and through-hardening carbon and alloy steels are the most widely used of all gear materials and are emphasized in this chapter. The processing characteristics of gear steels and the bending fatigue strength and properties of carburized steels are reviewed. In addition to wrought steels, the chapter provides information on the other iron-base alloys that are used for gears, namely cast carbon and alloy steels, gray and ductile cast irons, powder metallurgy irons and steels, stainless steels, and tool steels. In terms of nonferrous alloys, the chapter addresses copper-base alloys, die cast aluminum alloys, zinc alloys, and magnesium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... cast iron 9.1–10 5.1–5.6 Pure Gadolinium (Gd) 8.4–11 4.7–6.3 Pure Antimony (Sb) 8.6–11 4.8–6.3 Maraging steel 9.9 5.5 Protactinium (Pa) 9.8–10 5.4–5.8 Water-hardening tool steel 10–11 5.6–5.9 Molybdenum high-speed too steel 6.8–14 3.8–7.8 Niobium alloys 9.3–12 5.2...
Abstract
This appendix is a collection of tables listing coefficients of linear thermal expansion for carbon and low-alloy steels, presenting a summary of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity; and listing thermal conductivities and specific heats of carbon and low-alloy steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
.... 4 Effect of section thickness of 18% maraging steel (2 GPa, or 300 ksi minimum yield strength) on measured values of the critical stress-intensity factor, K Ic . At thicknesses greater than about 15 mm (0.6 in.), the critical stress-intensity factor, K c (the value of K at which crack...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is a well-developed quantitative approach to the study of failures. This chapter discusses fracture toughness and fracture mechanics, linear-elastic fracture mechanics, and modes of loading. The discussion also covers plane strain and stress and crack growth kinetics. The chapter presents a case history that illustrates the use of fracture mechanics in failure analysis. An appendix provides a more detailed discussion of fracture mechanics concepts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
...) Nitrided for 80 h, maraging steel 16,500 14,000 (c) Nitrided for 80 h, 145 ksi core 14,500 15,000 (d) Nitrided for 80 h, 110 ksi core 7,000 7,000–9,000 The relationship of residual stresses to rolling contact fatigue is also unclear. The table in Fig. 4 shows that for the case...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief but practical overview of the case carburizing process. It discusses the benefits and challenges of the process and compares and contrasts it with other hardening methods. It explains how design allowables and safety factors compensate for unknowns and familiarizes readers with the steps involved in determining case depth and verifying that case carbon requirements have been met.