This article discusses the effects of alloying on the properties and behaviors of maraging steels. It describes how maraging steels differ from conventional steels in that they are strengthened, not by carbon, but by the precipitation of intermetallic compounds. It explains how maraging steels typically have high levels of nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum with little carbon content and how that affects their dimensional stability, fracture toughness, weldability, and resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.

The nitriding process can be applied to various materials and part geometries. This chapter focuses on tool steels, pure irons, low-alloy steels, and maraging steels. Various considerations such as the surface metallurgy requirements of the die, including case depth, compound layer formation, and temperature, are also discussed in this chapter. The chapter also addresses steel selection and surface metallurgy of gears.

Alloy steels are alloys of iron with the addition of carbon and one or more of the following elements: manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, tungsten, cobalt, copper, vanadium, silicon, aluminum, and boron. Alloy steels exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to plain carbonsteels as a result of alloying additions. This chapter describes the beneficial effects of these alloying elements in steels. It discusses the mechanical properties, nominal compositions, advantages, and engineering applications of various classes of alloy steels. They are low-alloy structural steels, SAE/AISI alloy steels, high-fracture-toughness steels, maraging steels, austenitic manganese steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, dual-phase steels, and transformation-induced plasticity steels.

The possible classification for tool steels is their division into four groups according to their final application: hot-worked, cold-worked, plastic mold, and high-speed tool steels. This chapter mainly follows such division by application, but the grade nomenclatures used here are primarily from AISI. It presents the classification of tool steels and discusses the principles and processes of tool steel heat treating, namely normalizing, annealing, hardening, and tempering. Various factors associated with distortion in several tool steels are also covered. The chapter discusses the composition, classification, and properties of unalloyed and low-alloy cold-worked tool steels; medium and high-alloy cold-worked tool steels; and 18% nickel maraging steels.

High-strength steels are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) even in moist air. This chapter identifies such steels and the applications where they are typically found. It provides information on crack growth kinetics and crack propagation models in which hydrogen embrittlement is the predominant mechanism. It explains how different application variables affect SCC, including loading mode, state of stress, type of steel, temperature, electrochemical potential, heat treatment, and deformation processes. It also compares SCC characteristics in different high-strength steels and discusses the influence of composition, steelmaking practice, and application environment.

A pair of bolts on a connecting rod failed during a test run for a prototype engine. They were replaced by bolts made from a stronger material that also failed, one due to fatigue, the other by tensile overload. The fracture surfaces on all four bolts were examined using optical and electron microscopes, indicating that the operating loads on the bolts far exceeded the design loads. Based on their observations, which are summarized in the report, failure analysts concluded that the design of the connecting rod system needs to be reassessed.